Linguistic Stages/Speech and Language Milestones/Morphological Development

When does intentional communication begin?

9-12 months

-illocutionary period

Perlocutionary period

-unintentional communication

-0-8 months

Perlocutionary Period

Reflexive vocalizations, cooing, vocal play, babbling

reflexive vocalizations

0-2 months

-sounds reflect automatic responses of body

-defined by anatomy of child (ex: burping, crying)

-nasalized vowel-like sounds with minimal resonance

cooing

2-4 months

-sounds made in back of mouth (consonants and vowels)

vocal play

4-6 months

-raspberries, growls, squeaks

-begin to see CV syllables

babbling

6+ months

-reduplicated babbling (CVCV like dada)

-variegated babbling (CV chains)

Emergence of speech patterns

9 months

-jargon, longer strips of variegated babbling

-babbling is accompanied by sentence like intonation patterns

-phonetically consistent forms (PCFS)

What receptive milestone happens at birth-3 months?

-reacts to loud sounds

-smiles to familiar voices

-quiets to familiar speakers

What expressive milestone happens at birth-3 months?

-cries for basic needs

-begins to smile at familiar people

-begins to make cooing sounds

What receptive milestone happens at 4-6 months?

-recognized changes in vocal tone

-eyes move toward sounds

-responds to toys with noise

What expressive milestone happens at 4-6 months?

-babbles and coos during play

-sounds for various emotions

-begins to laugh

What receptive milestone happens at 7-12 months?

-recognizes and turns to name

-comprehension of simple words

-play games, listens to songs

What expressive milestone happens at 7-12 months?

-shows objects by pointing

-begins to use gestures (waving)

-first words emerge (around 12 months)

What receptive milestone happens at 1-2 years?

-follows simple 1-step directions

-understands simple questions

-points to objects/pictures named

What expressive milestone happens at 1-2 years?

-begins to put two words together

-asks simple questions

-many new words emerge

What expressive milestone happens at 2-3 years?

-begins to put three words together

-asks "why?"

-simple prepositions (in, on)

What receptive milestone happens at 2-3 years?

-follows 2-step directions

-simple opposites (big/small)

-easily comprehends new words

What receptive milestone happens at 3-4 years?

-simple concepts (colors, shapes)

-responds to name (from other room)

-understands family words (ex: sister)

What expressive milestone happens at 3-4 years?

-puts up to four words together

-asks "when" and "why"

-simple pronouns and some plural(s)

What receptive milestone happens at 4-5 years?

-understands order words (first/last)

-understands time words (today)

-follows longer multi-step directions

What expressive milestone happens at 4-5 years?

-tells short stories, holds convos

-code switches (based on listener, place)

-naming of letters, numbers

Brown's Morphemes: Stage 1

12-26 months

-about 50 words in vocabulary

-basic phrases (ex: more juice)

Brown's Morphemes: Stage 2

27-30 months

-present progressive -ing

-"in" and "on"

-regular plural (s)

-ex: "man running", "in house"

Brown's Morphemes: Stage 3

31-34 months

-irregular past tense

-possessive's

-uncontractible copula

-ex: "me drew," "Daddy's hat"

Brown's Morphemes: Stage 4

35-40 months

-articles (a, the)

-regular past tense

-third person regular present tense

-ex: "the bucket", "she shopped"

Brown's Morphemes: Stage 5

41-46+ months

-third person irregular

-uncontractible auxilary

-contractible copula/auxiliary

-ex: doggy does tricks, he was jumping

how to determine MLU?

total number of morphemes divided total number of utterances

presbycusis

age-related hearing loss

presbyopia

age-related vision loss, farsightedness

treatment: reading glasses

presbyphonia

age-related voice changes

weaker; breathy voice; more breaks/stops

higher pitch in men, lower pitch in women

reduced loudness, laryngeal tension, tremor

presbyphagia

age-related swallow changes; decreased strength and sensation; slower swallow response; laryngeal penetration is more common

what are motor changes in aging adult?

general slowing of motor skills; voice changes, smaller and slower muscles, other health issues that exacerbate motor

what are cognitive changes in aging adults?

slowed processing

language typically remains in tact, difficulty recalling new info/specific details, difficulty with multitasking/executive function

what is language?

language is a social, rule-governed tool used to send and receive messages

receptive language

-listening and reading

-develops before expression

-understanding of language

-vocabulary, questions, concepts, directions

expressive language

-speaking and writing

-expression of wants and needs

-words, non verbal communication

-gestures, pointing, expressions, grammar

what are the parts of FORM?

phonology (speech sounds), syntax (word order), morphology (word endings)

what are the parts of CONTENT?

semantics (word meaning), vocabulary, how word meanings link

what are the parts of USE?

pragmatics (social rules), matching language and situation

nature vs. nurture

name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior

nature (nativist-generative view)

Chomsky

-language is innate and pre-specified

-we are BORN with LAD (language acquisition device)

-language is separate from other cog systems

nurture (constructionist-interactionist view)

-environment guides language

-no processor in brain specific for language

-can't separate language from cog systems

what are the limitations of nativist view?

non-literal language (ex: idioms); strict focus on syntax; no single grammar to account for all language

no evidence that children need adult-like rules to acquire language

what is the evidence for nature?

-deaf babies babble (S&L may be inheritable)

-children follow sequence of developmental milestones

what is the evidence for nurture?

operant conditioning

what are the early 8 phonemes?

/m,b,y,n,w,d,p,h/

what are the middle 8 phonemes?

/t, ŋ, k, g, f, v, tʃ, dʒ/

what are late 8 phonemes?

/ʃ, ɵ, s, z, ᶞ, l, r, Ʒ/

what are the distinctive features of phonetics?

voice, place, manner

voice

activity of the vocal cords (voice or voiceless)

place

point of contact where sound is produced (bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal)

manner

configuration and interaction between articulators (stop, fricatives, affricate, nasal, liquid, glide)

place of articulation - bilabial

both lips

place of articulation - labiodental

upper front teeth and lower lip

place of articulation - interdental

tongue tip near/between teeth

place of articulation - alveolar

tongue tip on/near tooth ridge

place of articulation - velar

tongue body on/near soft palate

place of articulation - glottal

made in throat, between vocal folds

source-filter theory

sound source filtered and shaped by the resonant vocal tract

sound source

glottal source, supra-glottal source

filter

vocal tract (oral tract and nasal tract)

speech sounds

distinctive features

fricatives

produced by airflow through a narrow constriction

f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h

affricates

produced by total occlusion of vocal tract and a slow release

tʃ, dʒ

metalinguistic

study of language and relationship with other behaviors

paralinguistic

communication aspects that are not words (gestures)

nonlinguistic

sounds not relating to language (laughing)

4 systems of speech systems

1. respiration

2. phonation

3. resonation

4. articulation