Bio 210- Reproduction

What are the four major types of asexual reproduction?

Binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and vegetative reproduction.

Give an example of an organism that employs binary fission.

Bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli).

What type of organism reproduces through budding?

Yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae).

Define fragmentation in asexual reproduction.

A process where an organism is broken into parts, and each part can grow into a new organism.

Provide an example of an organism that uses vegetative reproduction.

Strawberries (plants).

What are the three types of parthenogenesis?

Obligate parthenogenesis, facultative parthenogenesis, and cyclical parthenogenesis.

Under what circumstances would facultative parthenogenesis be advantageous?

It is advantageous in environments without males, allowing for reproduction.

Give an example of an organism that uses facultative parthenogenesis.

Some species of Komodo dragons.

What are the advantages of hermaphroditism?

Increased reproductive opportunities, as individuals can produce both eggs and sperm.

Explain sequential hermaphroditism.

A phenomenon where an organism can change its sex during its life cycle.

Why is sequential hermaphroditism advantageous?

It allows the organism to maximize reproductive success based on environmental conditions.

Compare the advantages of asexual reproduction.

Asexual reproduction allows for faster population growth and does not require a mate.

What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction?

It requires finding a mate and may result in fewer offspring in some cases.

Explain spermatogenesis.

It is the process of sperm cell development from spermatogonia, producing four spermatozoa per spermatogonium.

Describe oogenesis.

It is the process of egg cell development from oocytes, producing one ova from each primary oocyte.

What is sex determination?

The process that establishes the sex of an organism, often based on genetic, environmental, or hormonal factors.

How does temperature affect sex determination in reptiles?

In some reptiles, incubation temperature can determine sex; higher or lower temperatures may produce more of one sex.

What is sexual dimorphism?

The differences in appearance between males and females of the same species.

Can you name examples of sexually dimorphic species?

Peacocks (males are colorful), and certain species of frogs.

What are the cues that cause the start of spawning in external fertilization?

Environmental factors like temperature changes, light cycles, and pheromones.

Which animals participate in external fertilization?

Fish, amphibians, and some invertebrates.

What are some advantages of external fertilization?

Producing a large number of gametes increases the chance of fertilization.

What are disadvantages of external fertilization?

Higher risk of gamete mortality and environmental factors affecting fertilization.

What is the difference between lecithotrophic and planktotrophic larvae?

Lecithotrophic larvae feed off yolk, while planktotrophic larvae feed on plankton.

What are the advantages of lecithotrophic larvae?

They require less energy for feeding and survival at the start of life.

What are the advantages of planktotrophic larvae?

They can take advantage of abundant food sources in the water, leading to better growth.