Women, Politics, and Power Review Flashcards

This JSON object contains 80 practice flashcards regarding international women's political representation in the QUESTION_AND_ANSWER format, with numerical values formatted in LaTeX as required.

What event highlighted in the lecture marked the start of major UN-led global mobilization for women’s issues?

International Women’s Year ($1975$)

Which conference demonstrated that the world’s women could cooperate across national and racial boundaries?

The Third World Conference on Women in Nairobi ($1985$)

How do international women's conferences primarily assist domestic movements?

By transferring strategies, networks, and legitimacy

What is the ‘boomerang effect’ as described in international relations theory?

Seeking international support to pressure domestic governments to act

Why are gender quotas sometimes criticized as a ‘facade of democracy’?

They may increase the appearance of representation without substantive reform

What is the primary aim of the Optional Protocol to CEDAW introduced in $1999$?

To strengthen enforcement and allow women to hold governments accountable for violations

What is the definition of ‘substantive representation’?

The extent to which representatives actually advocate for women’s specific interests

Identify a major challenge in studying the policy impact specifically of women in office.

The difficulty of isolating their influence from the surrounding party and institutional context

Which group of US legislators was traditionally more likely to defect from their party line on women’s issues?

Republican women

In the context of crime policy, what are women legislators more likely to focus on compared to men?

Prevention, rehabilitation, and victim support

Why do some far-right parties benefit electorally from increasing their number of women representatives?

The presence of women softens the party’s image and decreases negative perceptions of its agenda

Which case study illustrates a women's movement successfully pushing stalled legislation into passage?

Mozambique’s New Family Law ($2003$)

In Western democracies, in which political position do women remain most underrepresented?

Mayors

Which country achieved a cabinet composed of $65\%$ women in $2018$?

Spain

What policy in Hungary is cited as an example of gender backlash?

Pronatalist tax and loan incentives that tie women’s value to motherhood

How is populist opposition to the Istanbul Convention primarily framed by its critics?

As a threat to traditional family values and national culture

What factors most accurately explain the post-war increase of women in the politics of Bosnia?

International intervention and the adoption of gender quotas

How was women’s political representation achieved under old Communist regimes?

Through informal quotas and strict party control

Since the $1980$s, whom have women in the United States been more likely than men to vote for?

Democratic Party candidates

Which specific event is linked to the ‘Year of the Woman’ in the US in $1992$?

The Anita Hill–Clarence Thomas hearings

What are ‘supply factors’ in the context of political recruitment?

Factors that increase the pool of women who have the skills and desire to run for office

What are ‘demand factors’ in political recruitment?

Factors that affect whether political gatekeepers are willing to pull women into office

Identify three early Women’s International Nongovernmental Organizations (WINGOs).

World’s Woman’s Christian Temperance Union ($1884$), International Council of Women ($1888$), and International Woman Suffrage Alliance ($1904$)

What is the ‘$50/50$ Campaign’ launched by WEDO in $2000$?

A goal to increase women’s representation in politics to $50\%$ globally over $10$ years

What was the significance of UN Security Resolution $1325$ adopted in $2000$?

It called on member states to ensure women’s participation in post-conflict regimes

Define ‘gender mainstreaming’ within the UN system.

The idea that a gendered perspective must be introduced into all policies and programs

Who was the inaugural executive director of UN Women?

Michelle Bachelet

Identify Goal $5$ of the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.

Achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls

When did the UN achieve full gender parity in its top leadership positions?

In $2018$, within the Senior Management Group

What was the Maputo Protocol adopted by the African Union in $2003$?

An international women’s rights treaty calling for equal representation at all levels of electoral processes

Name the first woman and first African to direct the World Trade Organization.

Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala

According to Sarah Bush, why might authoritarian regimes adopt gender quotas?

To signal their commitment to democracy to international donors and foreign aid providers

What do US and Swedish citizens perceive about countries with high levels of women’s representation?

They perceive them as more democratic and are more willing to support giving them aid

What is often referred to as the ‘international bill of rights for women’?

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

Why has the United States never ratified CEDAW?

Concerns over national sovereignty and opposition to ‘radical’ reproductive rights and family value agendas

What is the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda?

A UN initiative to incorporate women into post-conflict regimes and security-sector institutions

How does the threat of terrorism typically affect voter preference in the US?

It activates gender stereotypes that result in a preference for men politicians

What is ‘gender balancing’ in a post-conflict context?

The practice of recruiting women and marginalized groups into security forces and governmental bodies

According to Rosabeth Moss Kanter, what is a ‘skewed group’?

A group with mostly one type of person, such as $15\%$ women and $85\%$ men

What is the ‘pink tax’ regarding international trade?

Price discrimination where import taxes (tariffs) are higher on women’s products than identical men’s products

How high is women’s parliamentary representation in the US as of $2024$?

Approximately $28\%$

Name the five Nordic countries leading the West in women's parliamentary representation.

Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden

Which region currently leads the world in women's parliamentary representation?

The Nordic countries and countries in Latin America like Rwanda and Bolivia

What was the significance of the French ‘parity quota’ of $2000$?

It was the first in the world to introduce a $50\%$ gender quota for all political parties

Who is currently the first woman President of the European Commission?

Ursula von der Leyen

Which country is the only Western nation that hasn't ratified CEDAW?

The United States

What average percentage of seats do women hold in the European Parliament as of $2023$?

$$39\%$$

Name the first woman elected to the US Congress in $1917$.

Jeannette Rankin

What was the ‘Pink Wave’ of $2018$?

A surge of women running for US Congress fueled by frustration with the $2016$ election season

Name the first two Native American women elected to the US House of Representatives in $2018$.

Deb Haaland and Sharice Davids

In which US state was a majority-women legislature first achieved?

Nevada ($2018$)

Who was the first woman US Vice President?

Kamala Harris

What is ‘modern sexism’ as defined in the text?

Covert attitudes that deny discrimination against women exists or view women as receiving special favors

Define the ‘triple burden’ experienced by women under Communist regimes.

The expectation to perform full-time work, domestic labor, and political participation

What term describes the token women representatives in old Communist parliaments?

Milkmaid politicians

What was the ‘Black Protest’ in Poland?

A mass strike and demonstration in $2016$ against a proposed total ban on abortion

Which region has the highest number of countries that have elected women presidents?

Latin America

Distinguish between machismo and marianismo.

Machismo is male arrogance/aggression; marianismo is the ideal of the submissive, selfless mother

Define ‘militant motherhood’ in Latin American political history.

The use of the maternal identity to organize and protest against oppressive military regimes

What was the significance of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo?

A group of women who protested the ‘disappearance’ of their children during Argentina’s dictatorship

Which country was the first in the world to adopt a national gender quota law?

Argentina

How does ‘clientelism’ weaken women’s political power in Latin America?

It relies on patronage networks usually dominated by men and prioritizes short-term favors over gender-inclusive policy

What is the slogan of the modern Iranian protest movement following Mahsa Amini's death?

Woman, life, freedom

Which region has the world’s lowest women’s labor-force participation?

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

What are ‘Personal Status Laws’ in many MENA countries?

Religiously-based laws regulating marriage, divorce, and custody that often institutionalize women’s subordination

Which MENA country successfully implemented a $50\%$ gender quota in $2019$?

United Arab Emirates ($UAE$)

What is the campaign strategy of KA-DER in Türkiye?

Targeting underrepresentation with provocative media, such as images of women with mustaches

How did the Ennahda Party in Tunisia compromise on the constitution in $2012$?

By removing the term ‘complementarity’ and replacing it with ‘equality’

Identify the paradox of women's political leadership in the Asia-Pacific region.

Many women have served as national leaders while women are otherwise excluded from parliaments and cabinets

How does Confucianism affect women's political participation?

By justifying women’s subordination to men and defining the ‘virtuous’ woman as passive and quiet

What is the ‘hoju’ system in Korea?

A patrilineal system where all family members were registered under a single male head

Define ‘purdah’ as it relates to South Asian politics.

The physical segregation of women or the concealment of their bodies, which limits access to public spaces

In which country did the Panchayat Raj local quota system empower nearly $1.5$ million women?

India

What is a ‘vicarious martyr’ in Asian political leadership?

A woman who rises to power primarily as a surrogate for a martyred male relative (husband or father)

What is the current status of women's rights in Afghanistan under the Taliban since $2021$?

Gender apartheid, with women barred from education, work, and most public spaces

As of $2024$, which country leads the world in women's parliamentary representation?

Rwanda, with approximately $61\%$

How did colonialism negatively affect women’s roles in Africa?

By individualized property rights and excluding women from formal colonial legal and political structures

Identify the first elected woman president in sub-Saharan Africa.

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia

Who are OMANHEMAA in precolonial Ghana?

A woman counterpart to the king (queen mother) with the prerogative to nominate the king

What is the ‘gentlemen’s agreement’ in Morocco regarding quotas?

A $2002$ agreement where parties voluntarily reserved $30$ national seats for women