Chapter 27 Part B

Ureters

Originate at renal pelvis at the hilum of the kidney

Enter base of urinary bladder at its posterolateral wall

Urinary bladder function

storage of urine

Detrusor muscle

Wall of the bladder

Urethra

Fibromuscular tube originating at urinary bladder that conducts urine to the exterior of the body

Smooth muscle helps to propel urine

Two sphincters help control the release of urine:

-Internal urethral sphincter

-External urethral sphincter

Internal urethral sphincter

Base of urinary bladder

Smooth muscle (involuntary)

External urethral sphincter

Skeletal muscle (voluntary)

Opening in the urethra

External urethral orifice

Female urethra transports _____

only piss

Male urethra has both a ___ and _____

urinary and reproductive function

Male urethra transports

Semen and piss (not at the same time)

Three segments of the male urethra

-Prostatic urethra

-Membranous urethra

-Spongy urethra

Prostatic urethra

Surrounded by prostate gland

Membranous urethra

Short segment through urogenital diaphragm

Spongy urethra

Long segment through erectile tissue of penis

Micturation

Urination/void

Extension of bladder does what

excites its stretch receptors which signal spinal cord’s reflex center

Parasympathetic signals are sent to where to relax it

Internal urethral sphincter (to relax it) and detrusor muscle (to excite it)

What is required for micturition

Voluntary relaxation of external urethral

What also helps empty the bladder

Abdominal muscle contraction

Urinalysis

Analyzes the composition of urine to aid in determining health status of the body

normal piss pH

4.6-8.0

What percentage of piss is normally water

95%

5% solutes like:

-electrolytes

-nitrogenous wastes

-urochromes (pigments that give urine its yellow color from rbc breakdown)

-hormones (present if levels are high in the blood)

What gives urine its yellow color

rbc breakdown

pigment - urochromes

abnormal findings in urinalysis

blood: damaged kidney or lining

glucose: too high of levels in the blood

albumin: damaged glomerulus

bacteria: uti

kidney stones

hard objects formed in the kidneys

various types:

-most common - calcium stones

-most due to insufficient hydration

Can block urine flow out of kidney or become lodged in ureter

Treatment:

Wait to pass (medications)

Lithotripsy

Surgery

Urinary incontenence

Inability to prevent discharge of urine

Causes:

-Mechanical stress: Increased pressure causes leakages

Sneezing, coughing, laughing- especially post birgh

-Urgency/overactive bladder:

Uncontrolled contractions of detrusor muscle cause urge to urinate and urine leakage