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surviving written records focus on performance of
imported religious music
one of the earliest Atlantic settlements in Jacksonville was what + established when and by who
Fort Caroline + 1564 by French Huguenots
Huguenots are what religion and were persecuted by
Protestant + Catholics
Huguenots sang from what book?
Bible’s Book of Psalms
Who did Huguenots teach psalm melodies to?
Native American Indian tribes
most influential advocate of psalm-singing
Jean Calvin
Jean Calving occupation + birthplace
theologian + Switzerland
Jean Calvin believed what about singing (4)
Protestants should sing as a congregation
should sing in Latin
should sing in unison (polyphony is distracting from message)
words come from Bible
term for “in the chapel style”
a cappella
vocal music with no instrumental support
a cappella
underlined places emphasize
which syllables are stressed
Common Meter pattern
8.6.8.6
Long Meter pattern
8.8.8.8
Short Meter
6.6.8.6
rhymed settings AKA
metrical psalms
number of psalms in Bible
150
published books with retranslated psalms
psalters
Jean Calvin oversaw creation of
“Genevan Psalter”
Psalm 134 is
“Arise, you servants of the Lord”
Protestant Doxology
Sternhold and Hopkins Psalter AKA
“Old Psalter”
Old Psalter borrowed tune of 134 for
Psalm 100
Doxology nickname
“Old Hundred”
Pilgrims carried which copy of 134
1612 Ainsworth Psalter
Puritans in Massachusetts Colony Bay weren’t happy with overseas psalms so
30 ministers retranslated psalms
30 minister retranslation book called
“The Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully translated into English Metre
Bay Psalm Book
How many meters did Massachusetts Bay Colony ministers use?
6 (therefore only 6 tunes were used)
How many copies of Bay Psalm Book were published over 120 years?
30
1698 Bay Psalm Book had (9th edition)
appendix with 13 melodies
9th Bay Psalm Book is first
notated music printed in northern colonies
small numbers of meters in 17th century meant
musical literacy was shrinking
precentor
church member with strong voice
lining-out
precentor sets the tune + remaining singers echo
Thomas Walter quote on lining-out
“confused and disorderly Noises”
Who published a sermon against lining-out in 1720?
Thomas SymmesT
Thomas Symmes term for lining-out
Usual Way
Regular Music AKA
musical literacy
Regular Singing was argued to be
“more pleasing in the sight of God.”
1721 was milestone for Regular Singing b/c (2)
2 separate music instruction books published:
Reverend John Tufts (An Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes)
Thomas Walter (The Grounds and Rules of Musick, Explained; or, An Introduction to the Art of Singing by Note)
What was potentially the first “original” piece published in the Atlantic colonies?
100 Psalm New Tune (in Tuft’s 5th edition with 37 pieces)
Walter published which potentially original piece
Southwel New
singing schools started around
1714
singing schools would wean people away from
secular music (non-religious)
How were singing schools advertised?
newspaper or broadside
milestone for new collections of psalm tunes (after 1721)
James Lyon’s Urania
Urania had how many pages + compositions
198 pages + 96 compositions
Urania mostly contained publications from
England (pirated)
Urania had broader repertory such as
hymns + anthems
hymns definition
strophic religious texts that were not scriptural in origin
hymns were four-voice homophonic AKA
plain tunes
anthems were crafted as
set-pieces
set-pieces definition
compositions designed to support a particular (non-strophic) sacred poem
God Save the King was used for which American tune
America
1760s publications expanded American repertory by
300 (quadruple)
1770 landmark
first New World publication devoted entirely to works by a single American-born composer
1st New World publication for specifically America works composer + name
William Billings + The New England Psalm-Singer (American Chorister)
Billings was the 1st American to
try to make music primary income
How many volumes + pieces did William Billings compose?
6 volumes + 375 pieces
Where was Usual Way prominent?
rural areas
Usual Way has a clear feeling of
community
Why was there more demand for tunebooks in late 17th century?
more enthusiasm for harder music due to Regular Singing
fugues were made popular by
European Baroque composers
fugue 2 parts
homophonic (sacred 4-voice) plain tune + polyphony fugue
Billings 2nd tunebook
The Singing Master’s Assistant (1778)
The Singing Master’s Assistant has how many fuging tunes
10
new wave of American composers in late 18th century called
Yankee Tunesmiths + First New England School
Daniel Read composed how many tunes
400+
Daniel Read life story
born poor in Massachusetts
served as private in Revolutionary War
moved to New Haven to run a publishing business
ran general store
Daniel Read was the first to
publish a music periodical in America
Daniel Read’s periodical name
The American Music Magazine
Read story with wooing
wanted to marry Jerusha Sherman but was too poor so her father wouldn’t allow it
married after his businesses prospered
Read was the 2nd American to
produce a volume of compositions by one person (after Billings)
Read’s tunebooks
The American Singing Book + The Columbian Harmonist (borrowed music)
Which of Read’s books were issued with supplements + how many supplements?
The American Singing Book (5)
Sherburne has been reprinted __ times b/w 1785-1810
78
English copyright law
Statute of Anne
Statute of Anne
provided British subjects 14 years of exclusive copyright
Who petitioned for copyright law to the Connecticut General Assembly?
Andrew Law
When was the 1st Federal Copyright Law passed?
1790
Who pirated from the American Singing Book + Read stole from in return?
The Worcester Collection
Sherburne’s poetry is from who + what was the topic
Nahum Tate + Christmas hymn
Tate based Christmas hymn on what
nativity story of Bible (Gospel of Luke)
Sherburne is what metrical pattern
Common Meter
Sherburne is in what key?
D major
What prefaced The American Singing Book?
Concise Rules (explanation of C symbol)
cut-time
Allegro tempo
“revival” camp
religious gatherings of 25,000 people
popular collection of songs
The Sacred Harp
What did Carolinas, Georgia, and Virginia support with tax revenues?
Anglican Church
What was central to the Anglican Church?
organ
Who forbade the use of an organ?
Calvinist churches
Beverly Diamond says what about Native American music access
most Native Americans do not favor complete restriction
new groups of Christian communities who didn’t speak English formed
foreign enclaves
Moravian Church original name
Unitas Fratrum (Unity of Brethren)
Moravians originated from
Czech Republic
Moravian sect nearly collapsed during the
Thirty Years’ War
Who provided Moravians with refuge?
aristocrat in Saxony
Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zizendorf
With protection, Moravians focused on
missionary efforts
Why was Georgia founded?
to serve as a buffer b/w Florida and Carolinas
Who founded Georgia?
James Edward Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe was a driving force in
Act of 1735 (forbade slavery)
Oglethorpe viewed religious groups as
stabilizing the colony
Note
Flashcard