M2- Worship and Work

surviving written records focus on performance of

imported religious music

one of the earliest Atlantic settlements in Jacksonville was what + established when and by who

Fort Caroline + 1564 by French Huguenots

Huguenots are what religion and were persecuted by

Protestant + Catholics

Huguenots sang from what book?

Bible’s Book of Psalms

Who did Huguenots teach psalm melodies to?

Native American Indian tribes

most influential advocate of psalm-singing

Jean Calvin

Jean Calving occupation + birthplace

theologian + Switzerland

Jean Calvin believed what about singing (4)

* Protestants should sing as a congregation
* should sing in Latin
* should sing in unison (polyphony is distracting from message)
* words come from Bible

term for “in the chapel style”

a cappella

vocal music with no instrumental support

a cappella

underlined places emphasize

which syllables are stressed

Common Meter pattern

8\.6.8.6

Long Meter pattern

8\.8.8.8

Short Meter

6\.6.8.6

rhymed settings AKA

metrical psalms

number of psalms in Bible

150

published books with retranslated psalms

psalters

Jean Calvin oversaw creation of

“Genevan Psalter”

Psalm 134 is

“Arise, you servants of the Lord”

* Protestant Doxology

Sternhold and Hopkins Psalter AKA

“Old Psalter”

Old Psalter borrowed tune of 134 for

Psalm 100

Doxology nickname

“Old Hundred”

Pilgrims carried which copy of 134

1612 Ainsworth Psalter

Puritans in Massachusetts Colony Bay weren’t happy with overseas psalms so

30 ministers retranslated psalms

30 minister retranslation book called

“The Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully translated into English Metre

* Bay Psalm Book

How many meters did Massachusetts Bay Colony ministers use?

6 (therefore only 6 tunes were used)

How many copies of Bay Psalm Book were published over 120 years?

30

1698 Bay Psalm Book had (9th edition)

appendix with 13 melodies

9th Bay Psalm Book is first

notated music printed in northern colonies

small numbers of meters in 17th century meant

musical literacy was shrinking

precentor

church member with strong voice

lining-out

precentor sets the tune + remaining singers echo

Thomas Walter quote on lining-out

“confused and disorderly Noises”

Who published a sermon against lining-out in 1720?

Thomas SymmesT

Thomas Symmes term for lining-out

Usual Way

Regular Music AKA

musical literacy

Regular Singing was argued to be

“more pleasing in the sight of God.”

1721 was milestone for Regular Singing b/c (2)

2 separate music instruction books published:

* Reverend John Tufts (An Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes)
* Thomas Walter (The Grounds and Rules of Musick, Explained; or, An Introduction to the Art of Singing by Note)

What was potentially the first “original” piece published in the Atlantic colonies?

100 Psalm New Tune (in Tuft’s 5th edition with 37 pieces)

Walter published which potentially original piece

Southwel New

singing schools started around

1714

singing schools would wean people away from

secular music (non-religious)

How were singing schools advertised?

newspaper or broadside

milestone for new collections of psalm tunes (after 1721)

James Lyon’s Urania

Urania had how many pages + compositions

198 pages + 96 compositions

Urania mostly contained publications from

England (pirated)

Urania had broader repertory such as

hymns + anthems

hymns definition

strophic religious texts that were not scriptural in origin

hymns were four-voice homophonic AKA

plain tunes

anthems were crafted as

set-pieces

set-pieces definition

compositions designed to support a particular (non-strophic) sacred poem

God Save the King was used for which American tune

America

1760s publications expanded American repertory by

300 (quadruple)

1770 landmark

first New World publication devoted entirely to works by a single American-born composer

1st New World publication for specifically America works composer + name

William Billings + The New England Psalm-Singer (American Chorister)

Billings was the 1st American to

try to make music primary income

How many volumes + pieces did William Billings compose?

6 volumes + 375 pieces

Where was Usual Way prominent?

rural areas

Usual Way has a clear feeling of

community

Why was there more demand for tunebooks in late 17th century?

more enthusiasm for harder music due to Regular Singing

fugues were made popular by

European Baroque composers

fugue 2 parts

homophonic (sacred 4-voice) plain tune + polyphony fugue

Billings 2nd tunebook

The Singing Master’s Assistant (1778)

The Singing Master’s Assistant has how many fuging tunes

10

new wave of American composers in late 18th century called

Yankee Tunesmiths + First New England School

Daniel Read composed how many tunes

400+

Daniel Read life story

* born poor in Massachusetts
* served as private in Revolutionary War
* moved to New Haven to run a publishing business
* ran general store

Daniel Read was the first to

publish a music periodical in America

Daniel Read’s periodical name

The American Music Magazine

Read story with wooing

wanted to marry Jerusha Sherman but was too poor so her father wouldn’t allow it

* married after his businesses prospered

Read was the 2nd American to

produce a volume of compositions by one person (after Billings)

Read’s tunebooks

The American Singing Book + The Columbian Harmonist (borrowed music)

Which of Read’s books were issued with supplements + how many supplements?

The American Singing Book (5)

Sherburne has been reprinted __ times b/w 1785-1810

78

English copyright law

Statute of Anne

Statute of Anne

provided British subjects 14 years of exclusive copyright

Who petitioned for copyright law to the Connecticut General Assembly?

Andrew Law

When was the 1st Federal Copyright Law passed?

1790

Who pirated from the American Singing Book + Read stole from in return?

The Worcester Collection

Sherburne’s poetry is from who + what was the topic

Nahum Tate + Christmas hymn

Tate based Christmas hymn on what

nativity story of Bible (Gospel of Luke)

Sherburne is what metrical pattern

Common Meter

Sherburne is in what key?

D major

What prefaced The American Singing Book?

Concise Rules (explanation of C symbol)

* cut-time
* Allegro tempo

“revival” camp

religious gatherings of 25,000 people

popular collection of songs

The Sacred Harp

What did Carolinas, Georgia, and Virginia support with tax revenues?

Anglican Church

What was central to the Anglican Church?

organ

Who forbade the use of an organ?

Calvinist churches

Beverly Diamond says what about Native American music access

most Native Americans do not favor complete restriction

new groups of Christian communities who didn’t speak English formed

foreign enclaves

Moravian Church original name

Unitas Fratrum (Unity of Brethren)

Moravians originated from

Czech Republic

Moravian sect nearly collapsed during the

Thirty Years’ War

Who provided Moravians with refuge?

aristocrat in Saxony

* Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zizendorf

With protection, Moravians focused on

missionary efforts

Why was Georgia founded?

to serve as a buffer b/w Florida and Carolinas

Who founded Georgia?

James Edward Oglethorpe

Oglethorpe was a driving force in

Act of 1735 (forbade slavery)

Oglethorpe viewed religious groups as

stabilizing the colony