one of the earliest Atlantic settlements in Jacksonville was what + established when and by who
Fort Caroline + 1564 by French Huguenots
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Huguenots are what religion and were persecuted by
Protestant + Catholics
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Huguenots sang from what book?
Bible’s Book of Psalms
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Who did Huguenots teach psalm melodies to?
Native American Indian tribes
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most influential advocate of psalm-singing
Jean Calvin
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Jean Calving occupation + birthplace
theologian + Switzerland
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Jean Calvin believed what about singing (4)
* Protestants should sing as a congregation * should sing in Latin * should sing in unison (polyphony is distracting from message) * words come from Bible
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term for “in the chapel style”
a cappella
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vocal music with no instrumental support
a cappella
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underlined places emphasize
which syllables are stressed
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Common Meter pattern
8\.6.8.6
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Long Meter pattern
8\.8.8.8
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Short Meter
6\.6.8.6
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rhymed settings AKA
metrical psalms
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number of psalms in Bible
150
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published books with retranslated psalms
psalters
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Jean Calvin oversaw creation of
“Genevan Psalter”
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Psalm 134 is
“Arise, you servants of the Lord”
* Protestant Doxology
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Sternhold and Hopkins Psalter AKA
“Old Psalter”
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Old Psalter borrowed tune of 134 for
Psalm 100
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Doxology nickname
“Old Hundred”
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Pilgrims carried which copy of 134
1612 Ainsworth Psalter
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Puritans in Massachusetts Colony Bay weren’t happy with overseas psalms so
30 ministers retranslated psalms
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30 minister retranslation book called
“The Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully translated into English Metre
* Bay Psalm Book
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How many meters did Massachusetts Bay Colony ministers use?
6 (therefore only 6 tunes were used)
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How many copies of Bay Psalm Book were published over 120 years?
30
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1698 Bay Psalm Book had (9th edition)
appendix with 13 melodies
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9th Bay Psalm Book is first
notated music printed in northern colonies
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small numbers of meters in 17th century meant
musical literacy was shrinking
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precentor
church member with strong voice
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lining-out
precentor sets the tune + remaining singers echo
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Thomas Walter quote on lining-out
“confused and disorderly Noises”
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Who published a sermon against lining-out in 1720?
Thomas SymmesT
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Thomas Symmes term for lining-out
Usual Way
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Regular Music AKA
musical literacy
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Regular Singing was argued to be
“more pleasing in the sight of God.”
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1721 was milestone for Regular Singing b/c (2)
2 separate music instruction books published:
* Reverend John Tufts (An Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes) * Thomas Walter (The Grounds and Rules of Musick, Explained; or, An Introduction to the Art of Singing by Note)
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What was potentially the first “original” piece published in the Atlantic colonies?
100 Psalm New Tune (in Tuft’s 5th edition with 37 pieces)
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Walter published which potentially original piece
Southwel New
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singing schools started around
1714
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singing schools would wean people away from
secular music (non-religious)
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How were singing schools advertised?
newspaper or broadside
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milestone for new collections of psalm tunes (after 1721)
James Lyon’s Urania
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Urania had how many pages + compositions
198 pages + 96 compositions
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Urania mostly contained publications from
England (pirated)
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Urania had broader repertory such as
hymns + anthems
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hymns definition
strophic religious texts that were not scriptural in origin
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hymns were four-voice homophonic AKA
plain tunes
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anthems were crafted as
set-pieces
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set-pieces definition
compositions designed to support a particular (non-strophic) sacred poem
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God Save the King was used for which American tune
America
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1760s publications expanded American repertory by
300 (quadruple)
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1770 landmark
first New World publication devoted entirely to works by a single American-born composer
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1st New World publication for specifically America works composer + name
William Billings + The New England Psalm-Singer (American Chorister)
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Billings was the 1st American to
try to make music primary income
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How many volumes + pieces did William Billings compose?
6 volumes + 375 pieces
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Where was Usual Way prominent?
rural areas
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Usual Way has a clear feeling of
community
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Why was there more demand for tunebooks in late 17th century?
more enthusiasm for harder music due to Regular Singing