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Lecture 1

What type of cell requires a host cell for reproduction? Viruses

How are viruses primarily classified? Genetic material and morphology

Protozoa are typically single-celled eukaryotes. (statement)

Which tract is commonly infected by protozoa? GI Tract

Fungi are characterized as non-photosynthetic eukaryotes (statement)

A single-celled fungal form is known as what? Yeast

Which categories are used to divide infectious bacteria? Gram Positives, Gram Negatives, Anaerobes, Atypicals, Cocci Vs Bacilli, Spore-Formers, Motile Vs Non-Motile

Which genus of Gram-positive cocci is coagulase positive? Staphylococcus sp.

Which genus of Gram-positive cocci is coagulase negative? Streptococcus sp.

Gram-negative bacteria are often classified by morphology as bacilli. (statement)

Which of the following are listed as common Gram-Negative bacteria? E. coli, Klebsiella sp., Neisseria sp., Streptococcus sp, Mycoplasma sp, Chlamydia sp

What is the goal of treatment for viral infections? Preventing cell entry/replication

Which genus of Gram-positive cocci is typically found in chains or pairs? Streptococcus sp.

Which genus of Gram-positive cocci is typically found in clusters? Staphylococcus sp.

Which of the following are classified as less common Gram-negative bacteria? H. pylori, Vibrio, Campylobacter sp., Salmonella sp., E. coli, Klebsiella sp

What term describes a microorganism capable of causing disease? Pathogen

What property allows a microorganism to replicate and cause disease in a host? Virulence Factors

Which virulence factor is produced by the microorganism to affect cells at a distance? Exotoxins

What type of toxin is part of the microbe itself that produces host effects? Endotoxins

Antimicrobial therapy definition focused on treating an active infection is definitive therapy. (statement)

What concept relates to the lowest concentration inhibiting visible growth? MIC

What therapy definition is used before the pathogen is identified? Empiric

What therapy definition is used to prevent potential infection? Prophylactic

Activity described as time-dependent relates to which antimicrobial characteristic? Total exposure activity

Antimicrobials are classified as either bacteriostatic or bactericidal. True

What is the goal of treatment for viral infections? Preventing cell entry/replication

Which genus of Gram-positive cocci is typically found in chains or pairs? Streptococcus sp.

Which genus of Gram-positive cocci is typically found in clusters? Staphylococcus sp.

Which of the following are classified as less common Gram-negative bacteria? H. pylori, Vibrio, Campylobacter sp., Salmonella sp., E. coli, Klebsiella sp

Most infectious Gram-negative bacteria are classified as bacilli. True

What is the primary function of B-lactams regarding the bacterial cell? Cell wall synthesis inhibition

Which are characteristics of anaerobic bacteria? Spore-formers, Toxin producers, Abscess formation, Require high oxygen, Always Gram-positive

What type of toxin is part of the microbe itself that produces host effects? Endotoxins

Antimicrobial therapy definition focused on treating an active infection is definitive therapy. (statement)

What concept relates to the lowest concentration inhibiting visible growth? MIC

Antimicrobials are classified as either bacteriostatic or bactericidal. True

What therapy definition is used before the pathogen is identified? Empiric

What therapy definition is used to prevent potential infection? Prophylactic

Activity described as time-dependent relates to which antimicrobial characteristic? Total exposure activity

Which of the following are classified as common Gram-negative bacteria? Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., H. influenzae, Moraxella sp.

Which of the following are classified as less common Gram-negative bacteria? H. pylori, Vibrio, Campylobacter sp., Salmonella sp.

Most infectious Gram-negative bacteria are classified as bacilli. True

What is the primary function of B-lactams regarding the bacterial cell? Cell wall synthesis inhibition

Which are characteristics of anaerobic bacteria? Spore-formers, Toxin producers, Abscess formation

Which atypical bacteria are mentioned in the material besides Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, and Legionella? Chlamydia sp.

What are the primary goals of virulence factors? Bypass innate barriers, Defend against immune system, Outcompete normal flora

What is the term for preventing population resistance patterns? Antimicrobial stewardship

What is the process of obtaining a sample to determine bacterial presence? Culture

What report identifies an organism and its sensitivity to antimicrobials? Culture and Sensitivity Report

What is a site-specific report identifying susceptibility patterns for common organisms? Antibiogram

Which are characteristics of anaerobic bacteria? Spore-formers, Toxin producers, Abscess formation, Require high oxygen, Always Gram-positive

Which factors help identify the 'source' of an infection? Signs and symptoms, Lab values, Physical exam

What is the process of obtaining a sample to determine bacterial presence? Culture

What report identifies an organism and its sensitivity to antimicrobials? Culture and Sensitivity Report

What is a site-specific report identifying susceptibility patterns for common organisms? Antibiogram

Positive cultures from sterile sites like blood or urine always indicate infection. True

Which susceptibility method is commonly automated in microbiology labs? Broth micro-dilution

Which susceptibility method is described as uncommon in clinical practice? Disk diffusion

Match the susceptibility result to its abbreviation: Sensitive S, Intermediate I, Resistant R

What is the term for narrowing therapy once culture results are finalized? De-escalation

What is the process of obtaining a sample to determine bacterial presence? Culture

What report identifies an organism and its sensitivity to antimicrobials? Culture and Sensitivity Report

What is a site-specific report identifying susceptibility patterns for common organisms? Antibiogram

Which organization determines the defined 'breakpoints' for susceptibility in the US? CLSI

Which factors help identify the 'source' of an infection? Signs and symptoms, Lab values, Physical exam, Patient's shoe size, Insurance provider

Positive cultures from sterile sites like blood or urine always indicate infection. True

Which susceptibility method is commonly automated in microbiology labs? Broth micro-dilution

What is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that kills >99.9% of bacteria? MBC

You can compare MICs of two different antibiotics to determine which is 'more' effective. False

Match the susceptibility result to its abbreviation: Sensitive S, Intermediate I, Resistant R

What is the term for narrowing therapy once culture results are finalized? De-escalation

Order the timeline of antibiotic therapy: Signs & Symptoms, Collect Cultures, Empiric Therapy, Sensitivity Results, Adjust antibiotic

What is the primary mechanism of action for most bacteriostatic agents? Protein synthesis inhibition

Which of the following are common bacteriostatic agents? Macrolides, Tetracyclines, Linezolid, Clindamycin

what is the combination drug listed as a bacteriostatic agent? Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim

Which of the following are common bactericidal agents? Beta-lactams, Fluoroquinolones, Glycopeptides, Aminoglycosides

Match the efficacy parameter to its description: Time > MIC Time-dependent, Cmax / MIC Concentration-dependent, AUC / MIC Total exposure

Which drug class exhibits time-dependent bactericidal activity? Beta-lactams

Which drug classes exhibit concentration-dependent activity? Fluoroquinolones, Aminoglycosides

Which specific drug is listed as having total exposure activity? Vancomycin

What is the term for continued suppression of growth after levels fall below MIC? Post Antibiotic Effect

Which drug class is specifically noted for exhibiting a Post Antibiotic Effect (PAE)? Aminoglycosides

Which patient-specific factors should be considered when choosing an antimicrobial? Allergies, Organ function, Other medications

Match the PK parameter to its definition: Absorption Entry into bloodstream, Distribution Movement through body, Elimination Removal from body

What does the abbreviation CLSI stand for? Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute

Bacteriostatic agents kill present bacteria. False

What is the term for the ratio of the peak concentration to the MIC? Cmax/MIC

What is the term for the ratio of the area under the curve to the MIC? AUC/MIC

All fungi are pathogenic to humans. False

Which fungal form is single-celled? Yeast

What is the primary classification of bacteria based on the Gram stain? Prokaryotic cells

Which morphological features are used to further divide bacteria? Cocci vs bacilli, Chains vs clusters, Flagella presence

Lecture 2

What is the structural component responsible for the efficacy of β-lactams? β-lactam ring

Which enzyme does the β-lactam ring inhibit by binding to it? Transpeptidase (PBP)

The mechanism of action for penicillins results in cell death, which is described as Bactericidal

What is the primary target of penicillin's mechanism of action in cell wall synthesis? Peptidoglycan layer synthesis

Which penicillin subgroup includes ampicillin and amoxicillin? Aminopenicillins