Earth Brown 2015 6?

Does volcanic hazard end when eruption stops?

No — hazards can persist long after eruption ends.

Who manages volcanic risk?

Government agencies.

Role of scientists in eruptions?

Provide impartial monitoring, forecasts, and risk advice.

Key requirements for good decision-making?

Leadership, data, scientist–authority links, networks.

Why is volcanic risk management difficult?

High uncertainty + differing risk tolerance.

La Soufrière (1976) outcome?

73,000 evacuated; no eruption.

Why is La Soufrière (1976) important?

Showed false evacuation + communication issues.

What is IAVCEI protocol?

International rules for coordinated volcanic communication.

Key rule for scientists in crises?

Local scientists lead; outsiders must not contradict publicly.

L’Aquila case (Italy) impact?

Scientists convicted; raised legal accountability concerns.

What are Volcanic Alert Levels?

Simple warning system linking monitoring to response.

What is Aviation Colour Code used for?

Global volcanic aviation hazard communication.

Merapi 2010 fatalities?

367 deaths.

How many lives were saved at Merapi (2010)?

~10,000–20,000 saved by evacuation.

Merapi evacuated population?

~100,000 people.

Why was Merapi 2010 successful in risk reduction?

Monitoring + institutions + communication + trust.

What is VDAP?

International volcanic assistance team (invited only).

What is VAAC?

Global aviation ash monitoring system under ICAO.

Why is VAAC important?

Standardises aviation warnings across borders.

What is cost–benefit analysis used for?

Linking mitigation costs to lives/economic losses.

What is the Hyogo Framework?

Global disaster risk reduction agreement.

Hyogo Action 1?

National responsibility for disaster risk reduction.

Hyogo Action 2?

Regular risk assessments.

Hyogo Action 3?

Education, knowledge, and innovation.

Hyogo Action 4?

Reduce risk factors (land use, mitigation).

Hyogo Action 5?

Improved preparedness.