Biology Leap Review Vocab

cotyledons

structures that either store food or help absorb food for the tiny sporophyte (structures that store food for embryo)

cone

A structure that contains the male or female reproductive structures of cycads and other gymnosperm plants

annual

plant that completes its life span in one growing season or less

biennial

plant with a life span of 2 years

perennial

plant that can live for several years and usually produce flowers and seeds yearly

invertebrates

Animals without backbones

exoskeletons

hard or tough outer coverings that provide a framework of support

endoskeletons

internal skeletons

vertebrate

animal with an endoskeleton and backbone

hermaphrodites

animals which produce eggs and sperm in the same animal body (male and female reproductive parts)

xylum

move h2o from roots to rest of plant

phloem

move food from leaves to rest of plant

zygote

fertilized egg

internal fertilization

egg and sperm combine inside the animal's

external fertilization

egg and sperm combine outside of the animal's body

blastula

fluid filled ball of cells

gastrula

a two later cell sack with an opening at one end

endoderm

inner layer of cells in a gastrula

ectoderm

outer layer of cells in the gastrula

mesoderm

layer of cells between the endoderm and ectoderm

symmetry

how an organism's body is balanced or arranged

radial symmetry

can be divided along any plane, through the central axis, into roughly equal halves

bilateral symmetry

body has 2 equal sides that are mirror images

anterior

front end of an animal

posterior

back end of an animal

cephilization

concentration of sensory organs and brain at the head

dorsal

back or upper side of an animal

ventral

front or belly side of an animal

coelom

body cavity completely lined with tissue

pseudocoelom

body cavity partially lined with tissue

acoelomate

animal without a body cavity

protostome

animal with a mouth forming first

devterostome

animal with the anus forming first

filter feeder

organisms that gets its food from filtering small particles from water

sessile

attached to and stay in one place

cnidocytes

stinging cells on cnidarian tentacles

Nematocysts are

capsule that holds a coiled, threadlike tube containing poison and barbs

gastrovascular cavity

space surrounded by inner cell layer of cnidarians

nerve net

cnidarian nervous system that conducts impulses to and from all parts of the body

polyp

tube-shaped body and a mouth surrounded by tentacles

medusa

umbrella-shaped body and tentacles that hang down

epidermis

outer superficial layer of skin

keratin

protein that waterproofs and protects the cell and tissue underneath

melanin

pigment that absorbs light energy

dermis

second layer of skin

hair follicles

narrow cavity in the dermis from which a hair grows

sebaceous glands

Oil glands that lubricate skin and hair.

Axial skeleton

includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

appendicular skeleton

Includes the bones of the shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet

compact bones

dense and strong for strength and protection

osteocytes

living bone cells

spongy bone

less dense inner-bone layer with many cavities that contain bone marrow

red bone marrow

produces red and white blood cells and platelets and is found in the humerus, sternum, femur, ribs, vertebrates, and pelvis bones (produces red and white blood cells, mainly red)

yellow bone marrow

stores fat

osteoblasts

cell that are cartilage-like and become bone

ossification

hardening of bone

osteoclasts

break down bone cells

ligaments

tough bands of connective tissue that attach one bone to another (bone to bone)

smooth muscle

lines uterus, bladder, intestines, and stomach

involuntary muscle

cannot be controlled consciously

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

skeletal muscles

muscles attached to bones by tendons and when tightened they cause movement

voluntary muscles

consciously controlled muscles

Tendons

tough bands of connective tissue (muscle to bone)

myofibrils

make up muscle fibers

myosin + actin

protein filament that makes up myofibrils

sarcomere

functional unit of a muscle and the part of the muscle that contracts

Central Nervous System (CNS)

includes interneurons of the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

includes sensory and motor neurons that carry information to and from CNS

cerebrum

largest part of the brain and is divided into two halves called hemispheres

medulla oblongata

relays signals between the brain and the spinal cord

pons

relays signals between the cerebrum and the cerebellum

Hypothalamus

regulates body temperature, thirst, appetite, and water balance. (partially: blood pressure, sleep aggression, fear, and sexual behavior.)

somatic nervous system

relay information from the external sensory receptors to the central nervous system

autonomic nervous system

carries impulses from the central nervous system to the heart and other internal organs

sympathetic nervous system

branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active in times of emergency or stress when the heart rate and breathing rate increase

parasympathetic nervous system

branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active when the body is relaxed

arteries

large blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

capillaries

Microscopic vessel the exchange of important substances and wastes occurs

Veins

carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart

valves

flaps of tissue in larger veins in the body

heart

muscular organ that is about as large as your fist and is located at the center of your chest

pacemaker

a group of cells located in the right atrium that send out signals that tell the heart muscle to contract

plasma

clear, yellowish fluid portion of blood

red blood cells

carry oxygen to all of the body's cells

platelets

cell fragments that are important in forming blood clots

white blood cells

the body's disease fighters

athersclerosis

the condition of blocked arteries

breathing

mechanical movement of air in and out of your lungs

external respiration

the exchange of gases between atmosphere and blood in the lungs

internal respiration

exchange of gases between the blood and the body's cells

trachea

a long tube in the chest cavity where air passes (windpipe)

bronchi

a branch of the trachea which leads to the lungs

lungs

the largest organ in the respiratory system and gas exchange takes place in the lungs

alveolus

air sac at the end of small passageways that connect to bronchioles

Kidneys

bean shaped organs that filter out wastes, water, and salts from the blood

urea

nitrogenous waste product

stomata

small openings that release H2O and CO2 from plant