ANTR 350 Unit 5

Define the GI tract and list the organs that are apart of it

continuous hollow tube that food/chyme passes through as it travels through the body from the mouth to the anus. It is lined by epithelium to protect it from damage and pathogens.

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), and large intestine (cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum), and the anal canal

define the accessory organs and list the organs that are apart of it

organs that aid in the digestion process and in metabolizing the nutrients eventually absorbed into the body

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

list the functions of the digestive system

Ingestion, motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, elimination

list the boundaries of the oral cavity

list the four different tooth types

Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

which tooth type is not present in deciduous (baby) dentition

premolars

which age does the first permanent molar appear

6

which age does the second permanent molar appear

12-13

which age does the third permanent molar appear (wisdom teeth)

18-25

list the division of the trigeminal nerve that innervates the maxillary teeth

maxillary division of trigeminal CN V2

list the division of the trigeminal nerve that innervates the mandibular teeth

mandibular division of trigeminal CN V3

specify the cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland

glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX

specify the cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands

facial nerve CN VII

Explain why a tumor in the parotid gland may cause Bell’s palsy

the somatic motor branches of the facial nerve CN VII pass through the parotid gland to reach the face muscles. It must be preserved if it is removed to prevent paralysis on that side of the face

Specify which parts of the tongue form the anterior 2/3 and the posterior 1/3

anterior: body and tip of the tongue

posterior: root of tongue

List the cranial nerves that innervate the anterior 2/3 of the tongue with somatic sensory (pain, temperature, touch).

CN V3 mandibular division of trigeminal

List the cranial nerves that innervate the anterior 2/3 of the tongue with special sense of taste

CN VII facial

List the cranial nerve that innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue for both somatic sensory and special sense of taste

CN IX glossopharyngeal

List the cranial nerve that carries somatic efferent (motor) innervation to the tongue

CN XII hypoglossal nerve

List the order food/chyme passes through the gastrointestinal tract

oral cavity

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

cecum

ascending colon

transverse colon

sigmoid colon

rectum

anus

Describe the course of the esophagus from the neck to the abdomen

esophagus travels through the neck and thorax, passes the diaphragm via the esophageal hiatus (T10), into the abdomen

posterior to trachea

superior to thorax

anterior to vertebral column within the mediastinum

List the serous membrane found in the abdominopelvic cavity

peritoneum

compare the locations and innervations of the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum

parietal peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominal cavity and drapes over the entrance to the pelvic cavity and inverted by somatic nerves

visceral peritoneum covers the external surfaces of some organs and innervated by autonomic nerves

define mesentery and list what it contains

Double layer of peritoneum that contains blood vessels and nerves, and suspends an organ within the abdominal cavity

List what organ or portion of an organ the falciform ligament attaches to

liver attached to the anterior body wall

List what organ or portion of an organ the greater omentum attaches to

hangs off of the greater curvature of the stomach and will drape over the transverse colon and most of the small intestines

List what organ or portion of an organ the lesser omentum attaches to

runs from the inferior (visceral) surface of the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and small portion of the proximal duodenum

List what organ or portion of an organ the mesentery proper attaches to

suspends the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine and allows them to be mobile; can hang down into the superior part of the pelvis

List what organ or portion of an organ the transverse mesocolon attaches to

transverse colon

List what organ or portion of an organ the sigmoid mesocolon attaches to

sigmoid colon

Explain where the peritoneal cavity is located and what would normally be found in this space

between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum and does not technically contain organs. contains the greater and lesser sac

Describe how the peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater sac and lesser sac

by the development of the stomach, its rotation, and the attached mesenteries (omentum). The greater sac is the main, larger cavity extending from the diaphragm to the pelvis, while the lesser sac (omental bursa) is a smaller pouch located posterior to the stomach and lesser omentum                                      

Communicate through the epiploic foramen at the right edge of the lesser omentum.

Describe how an infection could spread through the peritoneal cavity

serous fluid, blood, pus from infections, and cancer cells can spread easily within the peritoneal cavity, depending on gravity and body position. This means that infections in the lesser sac (for example, from a duodenal ulcer) can spread into the greater sac. It is also possible for infections in the pelvis to spread up into the abdominal part of the peritoneal cavity

list the organs classified as intraperitoneal

Stomach, liver, gallbladder, jejunum, ileum, appendix, cecum, transverse colon, and sigmoid colon

list the organs classified as retroperitoneal (either primary or secondarily)

Primary: esophagus, aorta, inferior vena cava, kidneys, ureters, and rectum

Secondary: pancreas, duodenum, ascending colon, and descending colon

Place the segments of the small intestine in the correct order from the stomach to the cecum

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

List the portions of the small intestine suspended by the mesentery proper

jejunum and ilium

Place the segments of the large intestine in the correct order from the ileocecal junction to the anal canal

appendix, Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum

describe the location of the right colic (hepatic) flexure

in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It marks the junction where the ascending colon moves up the right side and turns horizontally to become the transverse colon, situated immediately beneath the right lobe of the liver. 

describe the location of the left colic (splenic) flexure

a sharp, superior bend in the large intestine where the transverse colon meets the descending colon, situated in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen

List the segments of the large intestine that are suspended by mesentery

appendix, sigmoid colon, transverse colon, cecum

Describe the location of McBurney’s point and explain its relationship to the appendix

Landmark for locating the base of the appendix. Draw a line from the umbilicus to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). McBurney’s point is located about 1/3 of the distance from the ASIS on this line. An infected appendix can irritate the parietal peritoneum, causing localized somatic pain often near McBurney’s point in the right lower quadrant

Explain where patients typically first experience pain during appendicitis and how that pain changes in later stages of appendicitis

Present with right lower abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite. Pain initially might be perceived near the umbilicus because the appendix is part of the midgut and will refer pain to the T10-T12 dermatomes.

List the two layers of muscle in the anal orifice and what type of muscle tissue forms each layer

A thick smooth muscle layer forms the internal anal sphincter at the superior end of the anal canal but skeletal muscle forms the external anal sphincter at the inferior end.

List the innervation of the internal anal sphincter and the external anal sphincter

Central nervous system reflexes (mediated by parasympathetic fibers) cause strong wall contractions and are normally responsible for most of the defecation reflex. Rectal distension triggers sensory neurons that send information to the sacral spinal cord and trigger fibers to stimulate strong colonic and rectal contractions.

Describe the effects of the internal anal sphincter and the external anal sphincter during defecation

The defecation reflex causes the internal anal sphincter to relax, whereas the external anal sphincter is under conscious control and prevents feces moving through the anal opening. When the external anal sphincter is consciously relaxed, feces are expelled.

Describe how bile flows from the liver to the duodenum through the biliary ducts

Porta hepatis – left and right haptic ducts – fundus – body – neck cystic duct – common bile duct – main pancreatic duct – hepatopancreatic ampulla- (not needed: gallbladder for storage) – major duodenal pailla - duodenum

Describe how pancreatic juices flow from the pancreas to the duodenum

travel through a system of ducts, culminating in the main pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung). This duct typically joins the common bile duct to form the ampulla of Vater, which empties into the duodenum (first part of the small intestine) through the major duodenal papilla

List which organs (or segments of organs) originate from the foregut

stomach, proximal half of duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen

List which organs (or segments of organs) originate from the midgut

distal half of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colo, proximal 2/3 transverse colon

List which organs (or segments of organs) originate from the hindgut

distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal

list the arterial supply for the foregut, midgut, and hindgut

Note which parts of the intestines receive blood from arterial anastomoses formed by the marginal artery and which parts of the intestines receive blood from only one artery.

list the venous drainage supply for the foregut, midgut, and hindgut

list the preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic cell body location for the foregut, midgut, and hindgut

list the preganglionic parasympathetic cell body location and the nerve that provides parasympathetic innervation for the foregut, midgut, and hindgut

list the referred pain and dermatomal levels and adbdominopelvic regions to which pain is referred for the foregut, midgut, and hindgut

explain the general function of the urinary system

Kidneys monitor and process the contents of the blood supply to form urine

Ureter collects urine from each kidney and delivers it to the urinary bladder

The urinary bladder stores urine prior to urination

Urine flows from the urinary bladder through the urethra to outside of the body

list the primary organs and structures that compose the urinary system

classify each organ as intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

Kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra, all retroperitoneal

Place the connective tissue layers of the kidney in the correct order from superficial to deep

Paranephric (pararenal), renal fascia, perinephric (perirenal) fat, fibrous(renal) capsule

Explain the condition of kidney stones (renal/urinary calculi)

Formed by an accumulation of minerals and salts.  Several factors, including dehydration, reduced urine volume, and abnormal mineral or chemical levels in the urine may increase the risk of developing kidney stones. Some individuals are more prone to kidney stones and should avoid excess salt in their diet and increase their water intake

Explain where referred pain from the kidneys would be perceived

Describe the path a kidney stone would travel to be passed out of the body.

Explain why patients with kidney stones will perceive pain from “loin to groin”.

Specify the dermatomes involved

Describe the anatomical location of the urinary bladder in relation to other structures of the pelvis, including the pubic symphysis, rectum, uterus, and vagina

Deep to the peritoneum, sits directly posterior to the pubic symphysis, in males: bladder is anterior to the rectum and directly superior to the prostate gland. In females: anterior and inferior to the uterus, anterior to the vagina and rectum

Compare the lengths of the male and female urethra

Indicate what structures each portion of the male urethra travels through.

In females the urethra is 3-5 cm long, in males its about 20 cm long

Females: extending from the bladder to the anterior vagina wall, and functions only in the transport of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

Males: transports both urine and semen and functions as part of both the urinary and reproductive systems

1.     The prostatic urethra extends from the bladder through the prostate. 

2.     The membranous urethra extends from the inferior surface of the prostate to the beginning of the penis. This portion of the urethra is surrounded by the external urethral sphincter muscle.

3.     The longest portion of the male urethra, the spongy, or penile, urethra, extends for the entire length of the penis to the external urethral orifice.

Explain how urine is expelled from the bladder and the sequence of events of the micturition reflex

Urine is expelled from the bladder (micturition) through a coordinated reflex where the [detrusor muscle] in the bladder wall contracts and both urethral sphincters relax, allowing urine to flow out

List the innervation of the internal urethral sphincter, external urethral sphincter, and detrusor muscles

Describe the effects of innervation to each muscle during micturition

Trace a drop of urine from the minor calyces of the kidney to the external urethral orifice

After the filtrate enters the papillary duct, it then collects at the renal papilla of each renal pyramid. Each renal papilla will drain into a minor calyx. Multiple minor calyces merge to form a major calyx. The major calyces merge to form the renal pelvis, which leads into the ureter. The ureter transports the urine to the bladder, where it is stored. During urination, urine will travel through the urethra to exit the body. 

List the homologues of the female reproductive anatomy and describe their common functions

ovary: produces sex hormones and gametes

clitoris: involved in sexual arousal and composed of erectile tissue

labia majora: protects other reproductive structures

greater vestibular glands: produces secretions to lubricate the reproductive tract

List the homologues of the male reproductive anatomy and describe their common functions

testis: produces sex hormones and gametes

penis: involved in sexual arousal and composed of erectile tissue

scrotum: protects other reproductive structures

bulbourethral glands: produces secretions to lubricate the reproductive tract

Specify the anterior, posterior, and lateral borders (boundaries) of the perineum

Describe the boundaries of the perineum and list the contents of the urogenital triangle and anal triangle.

list the organs of the male reproductive system

urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, bulbourtheral gland, ductus deferent, testis, epididymis, penis, urethra, prostate gland, urinary bladder, ureter, rectum, pubic symphysis

Describe the location of the scrotum and what organs it contains

List the structures transmitted within the spermatic cord

List the blood supply and venous drainage of the testes

Describe the pathway the testes use to descend to the scrotum in the perineum

List the layers covering the testes in order from superficial to deep, beginning with the parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis

explain the condition hydrocele, specify where fluid pools in hydrocele

define the condition hematocele

Specify which structure is cut in a vasectomy

List the two structures that merge to form the ejaculatory ducts

Describe the location and function of the prostate gland

Explain the condition of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and explain how it affects urination

Specify which portion of the prostate gland is most often affected by prostate cancer

Describe the location of the penis in relation to the scrotum

List the three regions of the penis and describe their location

List the blood supply and venous drainage of the penis

Specify which part of the penis is surgically removed during circumcision

List which parts of the penis are formed by the Corpora cavernosa

List which parts of the penis are formed by the Corpus spongiosum

List the pathway that sperm exits the body, beginning at the testes and ending at the external urethral orifice

List the order of structures in the female reproductive tract that an oocyte would travel through, beginning at the ovary and ending at the vaginal orifice

List the organs of the female reproductive system

Describe the location of the ovaries in relation to the uterus

List the three structures that support the ovaries

Specify the structure that connects the ovary to the uterus

Specify which structure contains the ovarian artery and vein

List the blood supply and venous drainage of the ovaries

Describe the female reproductive system’s relationship with the peritoneal cavity

Explain how this differs from the male reproductive system

Describe the location of the uterine (Fallopian) tubes