EPSY420 FINAL part 1

How are problems conceptualized in behavioral therapy? (BT)

all behavior, both adaptive and maladaptive, is learned through interaction with environment; problems are a result of faulty learning

In behavioral therapy, how are the problems corrected?

self-directed behavior and relearning (observation, imitation, modeling); person is the agent of change

What assessment is used in behavioral therapy?

behavioral analysis: ABC model

ABC Model

used in BT; Antecedents (triggers), Behaviors (actions), Consequences

What are the goals of behavioral therapy?

to increase choices and opportunities for learning

What is the therapeutic relationship like in behavioral therapy?

collaborative, active, directive, problem-solving, consultive

What is the therapeutic process in behavioral therapy?

action-oriented, educational, grounded in today, short-term

What are some interventions used in behavioral therapy?

skills training (PMR, interpersonal development facilitation), exposure-based (in-vivo, imaginal), exposure-flooding, behavioral activation, contingency management, aversion therapy

Progressive muscle relaxation

technique focusing on observable responses (muscle tenshion) and relationship to stress and anxiety; relaxation is incompatible with tension

In-vivo exposure

technique using brief, graduated exposure to actual fear without avoidance or retreat; “nothing bad is happening”

Imaginal exposure

technique using exposure without relaxation pairing

Exposure-flooding

technique using non-graduated, prolonged and intensive exposure to fear without avoidance or retreat

Behavioral activation

technique used primarily for depression involving encouraging clients to engage in avoided activities in order to break cycle of inactivity and negative feelings

Contingency management

technique involving setting clear rules and consequences for certain behaviors

Aversion therapy

technique pairing undesirable behaviors with unpleasant stimuli to reduce certain unwanted behaviors

Conditions targeted in behavioral therapy

anxiety, depression, OCD, substance abuse, childhood behavioral disorders

How are problems conceptualized in rational emotive behavioral therapy? (REBT)

irrational beliefs are the root of emotional and behavioral disturbances

In behavioral therapy, how are the problems corrected?

by changing irrational beliefs into more rational, flexible ones, individuals can achieve emotional wellbeing and more adaptive, rational and flexible behaviors

What are some key concepts in rational emotive behavior therapy?

ABC model, irrational beliefs, disputation (DEF model)

What are the four forms of irrational beliefs?

demandingness (musts/shoulds), awfulizing (this would be terrible), low frustration tolerance (i can’t stand it), global self-rating (i’m a failure)

What are the goals of rational emotive behavior therapy?

to help clients acquire a more realistic, workable, compassionate philosophy of life in order to minimize emotional disturbances fo self-defeating behaviors

What is the therapeutic relationship like in rational emotive behavior therapy?

directive, active, therapist serves as teacher, guide, and collaborator

What is the therapeutic process in rational emotive behavior therapy?

present-focused, solution-oriented, focused on disputation, emphasizes responsibility

What are some interventions used in rational emotive behavior therapy?

cognitive (disputing, bibliotherapy, sample roleplay), emotive (humor, shame-attacking, roleplay), behavioral (desensitization, relaxation, grounding, deep breathing), skills training, modeling

Disputation (DEF model)

used in REBT; Disputing, Effect, New Consequences)

How are problems conceptualized in cognitive behavioral therapy? (CBT)

cognitive processes maintain psychological distress

In cognitive behavioral therapy, how are the problems corrected?

focus on changing cognitions to produce desired changes in affects and behaviors

What are some key concepts in cognitive behavioral therapy?

cognitive model, cognitive triad, automatic thoughts, cognitive distortions, behavioral component

What are the goals of cognitive behavioral therapy?

to modify dysfunctional thinking, change maladaptive behavior, improve emotion regulation, and develop coping skills

What is the therapeutic relationship like in cognitive behavioral therapy?

collaborative, action-oriented, structured, goal-oriented, educational

What is the therapeutic process in cognitive behavioral therapy?

short-term, structured, specific, measurable, achievable goals, homework is essential, initial assessment is important

What are some interventions used in cognitive behavioral therapy?

restructuring/reframing, behavioral activation, exposure therapy, thought records, problem solving, relaxation techniques

Cognitive Model

in CBT; not the events that cause emotional istress, but the interpretations and beliefs

Cognitive triad

in CBT; core beliefs are the views about oneself, perceptions of the world, and expectations for the future

Automatic thoughts

in CBT; spontaneous thoughts arising in response to situations, often habitual and can be irrational

Cognitive distortions

in CBT; irrational, exaggerated, or biased thought patterns that reinforce negative emotions and behaviors (all or nothing, catastrophizing, mind reading, mental filtering, magnification/minimization, overgeneralization)

Behavioral component

in CBT; unhelpful/maladaptive behaviors can reinforce negative thinking and emotions

How are problems conceptualized in acceptance and commitment therapy? (ACT)

human suffering is often the result of normal psychological processes, not a reflection of pathology or abnormality; problems stem from psychological inflexibility; the struggle is the primary source of distress and suffering

In acceptance and commitment therapy, how are the problems corrected?

increase psychological flexibility by using acceptance and mindfulness strategies, commitment and behavior change, and live in a way driven by values

What are some key concepts in acceptance and commitment therapy?

contact with the present moment, cognitive defusion, acceptance, self-as-context, values, committed action

What are the goals of acceptance and commitment therapy?

to increase psychological flexibility, take action guided by values, stay in the present, reduce experiential avoidance

What is the therapeutic relationship like in acceptance and commitment therapy?

collaborative, egalitarian, therapist as fellow traveler, guide, facilitator of experiential learning, model of acceptance and willingness

What is the therapeutic process in acceptance and commitment therapy?

short-term, process-based, experiential, requires active participation, begins with psycho-education followed by values clarification and identification

What are some interventions used in acceptance and commitment therapy?

metaphors and experiential exercises, mindfulness and acceptance practices, values clarification, cognitive defusion, behavioral activation

How are problems conceptualized in feminist therapy? (FT)

source of suffering are power structures, unjust systems; instead of pathology, problems in context of living and coping skills

In feminist therapy, how are the problems corrected?

centers empowerment and deconstructing systems, examining power within therapeutic relationship, acknowledging internalized oppression

What are some key concepts in feminist therapy?

engendered lives, critical consciousness, reflexivity, positionality, intersectionality, decolonization

What are the goals of feminist therapy?

to recognize, claim, and embrace personal power, help clients come together to strengthen collective power

What is the therapeutic relationship like in feminist therapy?

therapist shows up as themselves and brings their identity into session, model for identifying and using power responsibly, egalitarian, collaborative, authentic alliance,

What is the therapeutic process in feminist therapy?

highlights empowered consent, avoids diagnostic labels, empathy, client storytelling, validation and naming/labeling/identifying systems

What are some interventions used in feminist therapy?

social identity and gender-role analysis, power analysis, reframing and relabeling, assertiveness training, self-disclosure

What are some interventions used in radical healing?

generative somatic practice; sensory sensation and relaxation, disconnection of the body

What are the five anchors of intervention in radical healing?

strength and resistance, critical consciousness, emotional and social support, radical hope, cultural authenticity and self knowledge

What are the goals in radical healing?

support clients in developing internalizing and nurturing anchors, develop or strengthen/bolster awareness of clients complex existence

What are the types of trauma in trauma-informed therapy?

acute, chronic, complex, interpersonal, developmental, secondary/vicarious, collective, historical, medical, relational, cultural/identity

What are the ways in which trauma presents?

somatically/physically, developmentally, cognitively, behaviorally, interpersonally, existentially (intrusive memories, avoidance, heightened arousal, emotional numbing)

What are the four functions of expressive arts therapy?

self regulation, co-regulation, exploration, restoration

What are the key concepts of expressive arts therapy?

neuroception, exteroception, interoception, polyvagal theory

Polyvagal theory

in EAT; how our nervous system responds to safety, danger, and social connection

Why does polyvagal theory matter in therapy?

helps therapists understand client’s nervous system responses, supports trauma-informed care by prioritizing safety and regulation, encourages use f somatic tools, rhythm, movement, and breath

What are the strengths in CBT?

Evidence-based
measurable and structured
short-term/cost-effective
skills/goals-oriented
effective across variety of issues
collaborative

What are the limitations in CBT?

oversimplifies complex issues
requires active participation
doesn’t always address root causes
not ideal for all problems
may overlook emotional depth
cultural sensitivity challenge
less focus on therapeutic alliance
manualized therapy may feel rigid

What are some multicultural considerations in CBT?

integration of non-western body-based/somatic interventions
adaption of questioning styles to address nonverbal expressions of distress
validation of lived experiences of oppression
exploring empowering coping strategies
helping clients find balance between honoring obligations and maintaining self care

What are the strengths in ACT?

strong empirical support
addresses underlying processes
practical, skills-based approach
flexible format for long/short-term
focus on human growth

What are the limitations in ACT?

clients may struggly with complex philosophical metaphors
less suitable for clients in crisis/severe mental illness
requires significant therapist training and flexibility

What are some multicultural considerations in ACT?

allows for cultural variations on values and life meanings
less pathologizing
individualistic assumptions may not align with collectivistic cultures
self-as-context may conflict with cutural identities emphasizing interdependence/family/community roles
may not address systemic issues

What are the strengths in Feminist therapy?

self-critical and varied
developed and expanded by multiple voices
shares basic assumptions about multicultural/sociopolitical perspectives
emphasizes empowerment/egalitarian relationship
can be applied in various modalities

What are the limitations in Feminist therapy?

systems of oppression harder to work with
feelings of helplessness may be triggered
difficulty navigating between cultures
connection to activism

What are some multicultural considerations in Feminist therapy?

decolonization of feminist practice is needed
price may be very high
need to safeguard against value imposition