Part 2 A: The Evolutionary History of life (ch. 24-27)

Review question; define homology

Similarity due to shared ancestry

Review question; define analogous structures

Similarity in structures due to evolution to similar conditions

When did the first eukaryotic cells evolve from?

Phanerozoic era(s)

The replication of storms and lightning by Miller and Urey proved what?

The conditions which occurred to have recreated the first theorized organic molecules of the earth

Although the results of Urey’s and Millers organic molecules experiments could be recreated in other ways, where do people think organic molecules started?

Underneath volcanoes and deep sea vents

Organic molecules can spontaneously form what?

ex) dipping onto a substrate suck as sand or clay

Polymers may spontaneously form

Cells which come from abiotically produced organic molecules

Enclosed by a membrane are called?

Protocells

Liposomes are?

Membrane bound droplets which can form when lipids are added to water

1. Abiotic synthesis of organic molecules

2. Polymerization into macromolecules

3. Packaging into protocells (self replicating molecule which stores information)

4. Origin of self replicating molecules enabling inheritance

Are all credible hypothesis of what

The origin of life

The first traces of inheritable information before DNA was?

RNA

What advantages did early protocells with self replicating catalytic RNA have

More effective at using resources

Increased replication due to natural selection

What were the evolutionary advantages of double stranded DNA opposed to RNA

Larger genomes stored more information

More stable molecules ensured fewer copying errors

The following is a list of what

1. Spherical (cocci)

2. Rod shaped (bacilli)

3. Spiral

3 main shapes of prokaryotes

What are the two crucial features of nearly all prokaryotes

1. The cell wall

2. Peptidoglycan

The gram stain tests for

Peptidoglycan

A sample of bacteria with a peptidoglycan layer would test (positive or negative) on a gram stain test

Gram positive

Which gram stained bacteria are more likely to resist antibiotics

Gram-negative bacteria

What is the capsule of prokaryotes

A cell well which can be covered by a sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein

What is fimbriae and pili

Long thin areas attached to prokaryotes which help them stick to substrate or other individuals in a colony

The ability of taxis among bacteria means what

The ability to move toward or away from a stimulus

Plasmids

Smaller rings of DNA in some species of bacteria

Phototrophs

Obtain energy from light

Chemotrophs

Obtain energy from chemicals

Autotrophs

Use CO2 as a carbon source

Heterotrophs

Use organic nutrients to make organic compounds

Obligate aerobes

Require oxygen to live

Facultative anaerobes

Can survive without or without oxygen

Obligate anaerobes

Are poisoned by oxygen

Nitrogen fixation

The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen N2 into ammonia NH3 which is a useable form of nitrogen

Cooperation between prokaryotes

Allows to use environmental resources they could not use as individual cells

How do prokaryotes reproduce

Binary fission

Why would mutations occur in prokaryotes despite the very low chances

Rapid reproduction

Transformation

Picking up alleles from dead individuals of a related species

Transduction

The movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages

Conjugation

Genetic transfer between bacterial cells

Sex pili

Allows cells to connect and pull together for DNA transfer

F factor

A separate plasmid or as DNA within the bacterial chromosome and is required for the production of sex pili

Before the late 20th century how were prokaryotes organized in taxonomy and what were the flaws

Organized by phenotypic traits but there was a lot of similarity which was inaccurate to lump together

The majority of prokaryotes that people are aware of is?

Bacteria

What type of bacteria is closely related with eukaryotic hosts and is hypothesized to be the mitochondria in endosymbiosis

Alpha proteobacteria

What type of bacteria forms root nodules in legumes to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere

Rhizobium, alpha proteobacteria

What type of bacteria include sulfur bacteria and pathogens such as legionella, salmonella and vibro cholera inside many mammals intestines

Gamma proteobacteria

Which type of bacteria are parasites, cause syphilis and lyme disease

Spirochetes

What type of bacteria are autotrophes which generate O2 and have likely evolved to chloroplasts through endosymbiosis

Cyanobacteria

Archea share close relation to which clade

Eukarya

Archaea what what similarities with bacteria

Circular chromosome, absent nuclear envelope, membrane enclosed organelles

What similarities are there between archaea and eukarya

Absent peptidoglycan in cell wall (gram negative), several kinds of RNA

Extremophiles are

Archaea which live in extreme environments

Extreme thermophiles

Archaea which live in very hot environments

Extreme halophiles

Archaea which live in high salt environments

Methanogens

Archaea which live in swamps and marshes which produce methane as a waste product (stinky swamp smell)

Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes function as?

Decomposers which break down corpses, dead vegetation, and waste products

true or false; many prokaryotes live in symbiotic relationships

True

Exotoxins

Proteins secreted by bacterial cells

which produce cholera, botulism

Do not try to kill their host but happen to produce toxins which make their host sick

Endotoxins

Components of membrane of gram negative bacteria which try to kill their host for reproduction

Bioremediation

The use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environments

Mining, synthesis of vitamins, production of antibiotics, hormones and ethanol are all potential benefits of

Prokaryotes benefits