Combined botany exam

connation/connate

fusion of parts from the same whorl

adnation/adnate

fusion of 2 or more whorls

superior ovary

hyogynous

half-inferior ovary

perigynous

inferior ovary

epigynous

hypanthium

fusion of perianth (calyx + corolla) and androecium

hypanthia are typical with ____ ovaries but may be present with all

inferior/epigynous

what does mature angiosperm pollen contain? (3 things)

a tube cell and two sperm

what is the vegetative cell in angiosperm pollen called?

the tube cell

how many nuclei does angiosperm pollen have?

two

how many microsporangium do angiosperms commonly have?

four that join into two

microsporangium open to release _____

pollen

what is an ovule? (components)

megagametophyte + megasporangium + integuments

sporophytes (_n) make spores (_n) in ______

2; 1; sporangia

the ____ is the sporangium which makes megaspores

megasporangium

spores (1n) give rise to ______

gametophytes

how many cells does the megaspore mother cell give rise to (via sporogenesis/meiosis) ?

four; however, three are degraded, leaving a single 1n cell

how many cells and nuclei are in a mature megagametophyte in angiosperms?

7 cell 8 nuclei (all 1n)

what are the cells (& how many) on the opposite side of the micropyle in the ovule? (the top)

three antipodal cells; all with one nucleus

what are the cells closest to the micropyle in the ovule and how many nuclei do they have (the bottom)?

two synergid cells with an egg cell in the middle; one nucleus

what are the cells in the middle of the ovule called and how many nuclei does it have?

one central cell with two nuclei (polar nuclei)

plant sexual reproduction process in order

pollination occurs; pollen germinates, meaning microgametophyte exits the pollen grain this pollen tube grows through or between cells of the stigma and style towards the ovary; once an ovule is reached the pollen must enter the micropyle; the pollen tube ruptures one of the synergid cells, the other degrades; the egg nucleus and a sperm nucleus combines (fertilization creating 2n zygote); the second sperm combines with the polar nuclei in the central cell (1n+1n+1n=3n); mitosis will cause the ovule to grow, the sporophyte will grow as well, along with the endosperm (eventually will make a seed)

what is the purpose of the micropyle?

it’s where the pollen enters the ovule

are angiosperms heterosporous or homosporous?

heterosporous

do angiosperms produce antheridia?

no

where is the megagametophyte in angiosperms?

inside of the ovule (megagametophyte inside megasporangium/nucellus)

do angiosperms produce archegonia?

no

double fertilization

two sperm; first sperm nucleus fuses with egg cells to form zygote (1n+1n=2n); second sperm fuses with the 2 polar nuclei in the central cell creating a triploid nucleus that will become the endosperm (1n+1n+1n=3n)

what groups of plants do double fertilization?

only angiosperms

zygote is held inside _____ and becomes next generation ____ inside _____

ovule; sporophyte; ovule

what does the central cell (2 polar nuclei fused with sperm - triploid nucleus) become in a seed?

the endosperm

do all angiosperms have vessels?

no

what do simple pistils that are not fused imply?

a primitive plant

what do compound pistils imply about a plant?

it is more advanced

what does an alternative phyllotaxy imply about a plant?

it is more primitive

what does an inferior ovary/epigynous imply about a plant?

it is more advanced

what does an opposite phyllotaxy imply about a plant?

it is more advanced

what is the hypocotyl?

portion of the seedling between the start of the radicle and cotyledon node; first structure to emerge from ground in epigeal germination pattern

do beans and peas (same family - legumes) have the same germination type?

no; adaptation resulted in this

what is a seed?

mature ovule with a new sporophyte generation inside

what is a fruit?

organ which encloses the seed(s), made up of flower parts and sometimes associated tissues or organs (ex: bracts)

true fruits

only the ovary with the seed(s) inside become the mature fruit

accessory fruits

more than the ovary is the mature fruit

simple fruits

one pistil becomes the fruit, may or may not have more than one carpel

aggregate fruits

several pistils in a single flower fuse into one fruit

multiple fruits

several flowers in an inflorescence fuse into one fruit

dehiscent

breaks up/opens at maturity to drop seeds

indehiscent

holds together around seeds at maturity

a seed is a mature ____ with the new _____ generation inside

ovule; sporophyte

what is a seed the result of?

double fertilization, growth, and differentiation

apomixis

asexual seeds

a fruit is the organ which encloses the _____, made up of the _____ parts and sometimes associated tissues

seed; flower

parthenocarpy

fruits are produced without fertilization

pericarp

ovary wall; made up of three different parts: exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp

exocarp

outer layer of pericarp

mesocarp

middle layer of pericarp

endocarp

inner layer of pericarp

caryopsis

a simple, dry, indehiscent fruit where the pericarp is fused to integuments at all points

if one pistil from one flower becomes the fruit, it is a _____ fruit

simple

what is the most common fruit type?

simple fruit

cellular respiration (simplified)

sugar + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide + ATP

catabolism

reactions in which complex molecules are broken down resulting in usable energy and simple molecules

anabolism

reactions in which smaller molecules are used to build larger molecules from respiration

actual respiration equation

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 12(O₂) → 6(H₂O) + 6(CO_{2) + ATP}

how are carbohydrates stored in plants?

either as starch of fructans

starch

a non-osmotically active storage polymer of sugars; thousands of sugars chained together and folded

do sugars have osmotic potential?

yes

osmotic potential

a measure of the tendency of water to move from one place to another due to differences in solute concentrations

where is starch stored?

amyloplasts and chloroplasts

where is sucrose found and what is it?

found in roots and nectar; a disaccharide of glucose and fructose

fructans

smaller polymers of sugars (fructose), often found in cool season plants; stored in vacuoles instead of chloroplasts

where is fructans stored?

vacuoles

2 adaptations to cellular respiration in plants

cyanide does not stop electron transport chain; alternative oxidase pathway is bypass in cellular respiration

alternative oxidase pathway

bypass in cellular respiration (in mitochondria) which is less efficient, but can be used adaptively to make heat

why does cyanide not stop respiration in plants

alternate oxidase pathway

how do thermogenic plants produce heat?

through the alternative oxidase pathway

vacuum sealing reduces ___ and ____ which controls seed pests

moisture; oxygen

lactic acid fermentation

pyruvate (from glycolysis), instead of going into the Krebs cycle, becomes lactic acid; this acidifies the cytoplasm which will kill the cells

alcoholic fermentation

follows lactic acid fermentation in many plants as the pH change in the cell interferes with enzymes in the cytoplasm; pyruvate is turned into ethanol

fermentation produces less than __% of the energy that normal respiration does - due to incomplete catabolism

10

lactic acid and ethanol are ___ to the cell

toxic

aerenchyma are an adaptation for what?

reduced oxygen availability; creates air spaces to move oxygen

corolla tube

fused petals/corolla

what is the most simple/primitive ovary position?

hypogynous/superior

what is the more advanced ovary position and why?

epigynous/inferior ovary; protects the resources that go into next generation of seeds

what are the parachute things on dandelions made up of (what flower part)?

calyx

peduncle

holds up a single flower in a solitary inflorescence

pedicel

holds up a group of flowers (inflorescence)

how many nuclei does pollen have in angiosperms?

three

how many sporangia does the anther have?

four (become 2 then rupture to release pollen)

the pistil is a modified ____

leaf

how many divisions does the microspore go through most of the time in angiosperms?

two

what is a pistil made up of?

a folded leaf with parenchyma cells that are receptive to pollen

carpel

one folded leaf for the pistil

simple pistil

one carpel (folded leaf); some plants have multiple simple pistils - all separate (not fused)

compound pistil

multiple carpels/simple pistils fused together

what is the purpose of the synergid cells in the ovule?

signaling to attract the pollen tube

what is the purpose of the three antipodal cells in the ovule?

unknown; possibly for signaling

are pollination and fertilization the same thing?

no

what happens to the synergid cells in the ovule?

one is burst by the pollen tube; one degrades