Human Growth and Development: Final Exam

write out the reference and text of the key verse that identifies the four domains of development.

Luke 2:52 - write out the reference and text of the key verse that identifies the four domains of development.

explain and defend why the spiritual domain is the core domain of development. Use Scripture

because Scripture is applied to everything (2 Timothy 3:16-17); we are body mind soul and spirit and our spiritual state is vital; what is in our heart (spiritual) will come out of our mouth (in actions) Luke 6:45

name Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development and give the age range for each stage.

sensorimotor - birth to 2 years

preoperational - 2-7 years

concrete operational stage - 7-11 years

formal operational stage - 12 and up

key components of the Information Processing Theory.

sensory memory, working (short-term) memory, long-term memory

Information Processing Theory: sensory

Receives environmental input (sights, sounds) through the senses, holding it for only a few seconds. Most information here is lost immediately if not attended to.

information processing theory: working (short-term memory)

The active, "conscious" space where information is manipulated and processed. It has limited capacity, famously described as holding about seven items (or chunks) at once.

information processing theory: long-term memory

The final, theoretically limitless, and permanent storage site for knowledge and experiences.

information processing theory: attention

The mechanism that acts as a filter, allowing only focused, relevant information to pass from sensory memory into working memory.

information processing theory: encoding

The process of moving information from working memory to long-term memory by organizing, elaborating, or rehearsing it.

information processing theory: retrieval

The process of accessing stored information from long-term memory back into working memory for use

list and describe the characteristics of formal operational thought.

abstract thought, hypothetical-deductive reasoning, systematic planning and problem solving, metacogntion, idealism and future orientation, adolescent egocentricism

abstract thought

Individuals can conceptualize ideas, principles, and possibilities that do not have physical, concrete references, such as justice, morality, and complex mathematical concepts.

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

This involves creating hypotheses ("what-if" scenarios) about ways to solve problems, and then systematically deducing the best path to follow.

systematic planning and problem solving

Rather than relying on trial-and-error, individuals can formulate a methodical plan, test various solutions to complex problems, and consider multiple variables simultaneously.

metacognition

This is the ability to think about thinking itself. Adolescents can evaluate their own reasoning processes, consider alternative perspectives, and analyze their own beliefs.

idealism and future orientation

As adolescents can envision alternative realities and futures, they often become idealistic, contemplating perfect societies or exploring personal future possibilities.

adolescent egocentricism

A shift where adolescents may believe others are as focused on their appearance or behavior as they are themselves (leading to concepts like the "imaginary audience")

describe the spiritual characteristics of adolescents.

their faith should mature as they mature in body and mind; they often go through doubts of their salvation

identify and describe two of the problems of youth discussed in class (you can choose two)

depression and drug abuse

depression

an affective disorder that can take a number of forms; having feelings of low self-esteem, sadness, hopelessness, and helplessness; can be masked by physical symptoms; can cause anorexia nervosa (thinness by starving) and bulimia (binge and purge)

drug abuse

It dulls problems and stressors in their life ; They don’t know the effects; Following their peer group, to fit in, to look cool, etc.; leads to a tolerance toward the drug, which leads to increased doses or frequency use, which leads to dependency and a host of other problems; typical pattern of drug use begins with alcohol, then cigarettes, then marijuana 

outline how you can be an effective mentor. Be prepared to describe the three steps shared in class.

puberty

• Period of rapid physical maturation invovling hormonal and bodily changes in early adolescence 

 

hormones

powerful chemical substanec secreted by the endocrine glands (pituitary and hypothalamus) and carried throughout the body by teh bloodstream 

androgens

male hormones

estrogens

female hormones

testosterone

• androgen that play an importance in male pubertal development 

 

neurons

nerve cells found in the brain

synapses

gaps between neurons where connections occur 

myelination

process where the axon portion of a neuron becomes covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells (myelin sheath) that increases the speed and efficiency of information processing 

prefrontal cortex

• the highest level of frontal lobes that is involved with reasoning, decision making, and self-control; doesn’t finish developing until at least age 20 

 

amygdala

• part of the brain that acts as the seat of emotions such as anger; develops quickly before other regions that help to control 

 

extra credit option: memorize the 10 Commandments