APUSH AP Exam

Reasons for European powers seeking colonies

Gold, new trade routes (new products, eg. spices, silk, & perfumes) to make explorers/traders wealthy, expansion of religion

Mercantilism

Mother countries sought wealth and power by controlling the territory of another

First Explorers

• Christopher Columbus (1492)

• Vasco de Gama (1494)

• Ferdinand Magellan (1522)

Hernán Cortés (Aztecs)

1519 - arrived in what is today Mexico. After initially believing the Spanish were gods, the leader, Montezuma, sent many gifts, hoping to persuade them to leave. These gifts backfired, convincing the Spanish of the need to conquer the Aztecs.

Francisco Pizarro (Incas)

1532 - arrived in Peru, captured the Inca leader & demanded a ransom of a room full of gold. After the Inca paid the ransom, their leader was killed anyway, and the empire was defeated (with the assistance of technology and disease).

Encomienda System

Defeated natives were forced to become Christian and labor in the fields for their new rulers

DON JUAN DE OÑATE SALAZAR

Established the colony of Santa Fé in 1598. When the Acoma resisted demands for supplies needed for the winter, killing 13 Spaniards, Oñate responded by killing 800 villagers and amputating the left foot of 80 remaining men. He enslaved 500 women & children.

PUEBLO REVOLT

Uprising in 1680 by native Americans in Santa Fe New Mexico led by Popé.

--More than 380 Spaniards killed.

--Symbols of Spanish control (including crosses) destroyed.

--Spanish expelled for 12 years

The Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas

TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

• Africans were less susceptible to disease than Native Americans and were imported as slaves.

• TRIANGLE TRADE developed, a three way trading system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, which exchanged raw materials for finished goods and brought African slaves to across the Atlantic.

• Slaves arriving in the West Indies were said to have crossed the “Middle Passage,” of the Triangle Trade route.

FRENCH CANADA (1605)

• French had better relationship with natives due to large interest in fur trading (beaver pelts)

• Many settlers died due to scurvy and harsh winter

• To encourage population growth, laws mandated that girls be married by the age of 16 or their fathers would be fined.

Jamestown

First colony (1607)

The Starving Time

The people of Jamestown were English “gentlemen” who only came for gold and/or religious freedom, and they positioned themselves conveniently in a swamp at the mouth of a river with no food and clean water. Whoops.

John Smith

Saves Jamestown from Starving Time

John Rolfe

Smuggles Spanish tobacco into Jamestown, and it flourishes with its fertile soil and warm climate

House of Burgesses

1619 -- representative assembly

Bacon’s Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon led a group of indentured servants—both black and white—angry because they hadn’t received land as they were promised. Raided nearby Native Americans to gain land before turning on wealthy Virginia planters. Collapsed shortly after Bacon’s death, where he died due to malaria.

Mayflower Compact (New England)

1620 - promised a government of "just and equal laws...for the general good of the colony." Laws were to be approved by the majority.

• New England Town Meetings

John Winthrop

Massachusetts Bay Colony - City Upon a Hill

John Locke

Life, Liberty, and Property (Liberty, 1690)

Baron Charles de Montesquieu

Separation of the Government into three branches (A Political Doctrine to Divide Power, 1748)

Salem Witch Trials

1692 - You know what the SWTs were

John Peter Zenger Trial

1735 - newspaper writer was arrested because his newspaper had criticized corruption by the royal Governor of New York who claimed the right to determine his own salary

• “It is the cause of liberty and the right to expose and the duty to oppose the arbitrary abuse of power in government by speaking and writing the truth." - Zenger’s lawyer

Albany Congress

1754 - Ben Franklin proposes Albany Plan of Union

Navigation Acts

1651 - British declared that colonies must trade with Britain, and that ships trading with other countries must pay taxes

Salutary Neglect

During French & Indian War, Britain didn’t interfere w/ the colonies, giving them the experience of being independent

French and Indian War

1754 - 1763

Pontiac’s Rebellion

May, 1763 - Ottowa tribe rebels against increased British expansion in the Great Lakes area, led by Chief Pontiac

The Proclamation of 1763

October, 1763 - British declared, following F & I War, that no colonists may move West of the Appalachians (a line drawn on the map, called the “Proclamation Line of 1763”)

Sugar Act

1764 - Taxed imported sugar, molasses, and luxury goods

Quartering Act (1st one)

1765 - Colonists must provide living quarters to British troops

Stamp Act

1765 - Colonists were required to pay a tax on various papers and documents

Declaratory Act

1766 - Britain declared they could pretty much do anything to make sure the Americans didn’t rebel against them, including all kinds of taxes and tariffs.

Townshend Act

1767 - an indirect tax was placed on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea

Boston Massacre

1770 - Several men shot by British soldiers in the streets of Boston

Committees of Correspondence

1770-1772, and 1772-1773 - several groups organized by American revolutionaries aimed to help spread information

Tea Act/Party

1773 - Tea was taxed, and a bunch of people dressed as Native Americans threw tea off boats in the Boston Harbor

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

1774

1. Boston Port Act

2. Mass. Government Act

3. Quartering Act (2nd)

4. Quebec Act

Writs of Assistance

1761 - Authorized customs officials to search any ship or building where smuggled goods might be hidden but did not require any probable cause for a warrant

Admiralty Courts

1764 - People found in violation of various laws were forced to go off to Nova Scotia, Canada, where a judge basically always found them guilty

Quebec Act

1774 - expanded Quebec territory way down South

Lexington and Concord

April 19, 1775 - the Shot Heard ‘Round the World

Battle of Bunker Hill

June 17, 1775

Thomas Paine: Common Sense

January 10, 1776

Declaration of Independence

1776 - we DECLARED our INDEPENDENCE from Britain

Battle of Saratoga

1777 - A battle that led to an alliance with France

Battle of Yorktown

1781 - battle

Treaty of Paris of 1783

Ended Revolutionary War

Issues with the Articles of Confederation

No ability to tax, no regulation of interstate commerce, no common currency, very decentralized government, no executive branch of government, no courts, no power to raise an army or navy unless all states agreed

Shay’s Rebellion

1786

• Massachusetts farmers opposed tax increases and bank foreclosures.

• Led by Daniel Shay.

• Central gov’t was unable to put down rebellion.

• The state of Massachusetts had to summon its militia.

Land Ordinance of 1785

Set aside a section of land in all areas as a source of income for public schools

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• designated the area north of the Ohio River as the Northwest territory and provided for later division into states as population increased.

• banned the spread of slavery into this territory.

Great Compromise/Connecticut Compromise

Established a bicameral legislature, with House of Representatives to represent states by population, and Senate to represent all states equally

Three-Fifths Compromise

Each slave would be counted as 3/5 of a person towards determining representation in House

Slave Trade Compromise

• Congress could regulate foreign commerce, but could not interfere with slave trade until 1808.

• Tax of 10 dollars for each slave imported

Commerce Compromise

Tariff allowed on imports, but not on exports

Federalism

a system of divided power between the states and the national government

Bill of Rights

Protected the rights of the people from the new, strong, central government

Federalist Papers

Written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay; supported Federalism

First Amendment

Gave the people the rights to free speech, press, assembly, religion, and petition

Second Amendment

Gave the people the right to bear arms

Third Amendment

Soldiers may not be arbitrarily quartered on the people

Fourth Amendment

No search warrants issued without probable cause

Fifth Amendment

Gave people rights guaranteed when on trial

• must be indicted by grand jury

• no double jeopardy

• no self-incrimination

• cannot be denied the rights to life, liberty, and property without due process of law!!

Sixth Amendment

Protection in Criminal Trials

• right to a speedy and public trial

• right to an impartial jury

• right to counsel

• right to be informed of the charge (Habeas Corpus)

Seventh Amendment

The right to trial by jury in civil cases

Eighth Amendment

No cruel or unusual punishments

Ninth Amendment

The people retain rights not here enumerated (Just because we didn’t list every right doesn’t mean you don’t have them)

Tenth Amendment

The “Reserve Clause” - Powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states and the people.

“Tyranny of the Masses”/”Mobocracy”

The founding fathers were afraid to trust the masses

Hamilton’s Economic Plan

Composed of four parts:

• Creation of the National Bank (authorized under the “elastic clause”)

• An 8% tariff to protect infant industries

• Federal assumption of state debt, creating national debt (“cement of union” that would bind the states together)

• Excise tax on whiskey (tax imposed on whiskey sales)

Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers opposed Hamilton’s whiskey tax in Pennsylvania

• Washington gathers a militia of 13,000 from neighboring states, crushes rebellion

• Signifies a change from Shay’s rebellion, which the weak central government under the Articles of Confederation couldn’t put down

Pinkney’s Treaty/Treaty of San Lorenzo

1795 - In response to Jay’s Treaty, Spain, fearful of a possible U.S. British alliance, gives U.S. free navigation of the Mississippi and territory north of Florida

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Jefferson co-authored this; French revolution central document

Jay’s Treaty

Avoids risk of war with Britain following impression of U.S. sailors, but at terms very favorable to the British. Very unpopular

British impression of U.S. sailors

following American Revolution, the British would basically just kidnap American sailors and force them to join the British Navy

• “Once an Englishman, always an Englishman”

• Britain also refuses to remove forts in the NW territory

Neutrality Proclamation of 1763

Issued by Washington without asking Congress. Declared U.S. wouldn’t get involved in the war between Britain and France (French Revolutionary War) following French revolution.

“Citizen Genet”

Aroused popular support of French within the U.S. Whole thing with George Washington threatening to send him back to France happened.

Washington’s Farewell Address

1796 - warned of the danger of faction

Two political parties in 1790s

Federalists and Democratic Republicans

Election of 1796

Elected John Adams

XYZ Affair

1797 - French, infuriated by Jay’s Treaty, began seizing U.S. ships. Adams sent an envoy to France, but the French demanded bribes before negotiating. Created war hysteria.

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798

Alien Law

• President was empowered to deport or imprison aliens in time of war.

• Raised residence requirements for U.S. citizenship from 5 years to 14.

Sedition Law

• Anyone who impeded the policies of the government or falsely defamed its officials including the President would be liable to a fine and imprisonment.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

1798 - Argued that the states had the right to determine if laws were unconstitutional and that states could “nullify” laws that they deemed to be no good! No other states agreed though. Jefferson wrote the Kentucky Resolution, and Madison wrote the Virginia Resolution

Election of 1800

Elected Thomas Jefferson

Marbury v. Madison

1803 - established judicial review

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 - Declared national bank constitutional

Gibbons v. Odgen

1824 - “Steamboat Case” - established that only the gov’t could regulate interstate commerce

Worcester v. Georgia

1832 - Ruled that the Cherokee could not be removed from their land without consent and proper compensation

Barbary Pirates

1801-1815 - Jefferson sends Navy to Tripoli to deal with Barbary Pirates without asking Congress

Louisiana Purchase

1803 - the largest land deal in history. Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory from Napoleon for $15M without asking Congress, since he was already in France and thought that Napoleon might decide otherwise if he went back and asked

Chesapeake-Leopold Affair

1807 – The U.S.S. Chesapeake was attacked by British Navy (“Once an Englishman, always an Englishman”)

Embargo Act of 1807

1807 - U.S. boycotted all worldwide trade, destroying U.S. economy, especially in New England

Nonintercourse Act

1809 - replaced Embargo Act of 1807. Restored international trade with everyone except for Britain and France. Expired by 1810

Macon’s Bill #2

1810 - Restored trade with Britain and France, but stated that if one force stopped attacking American ships, they would cease trade with the other. Napoleon used this to deprive Britain of necessary raw materials like cotton, but he didn’t mean it.

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 - William H. Harrison fought off attacking forces of the Indian Confederation led by Tecumseh

Battle of Thames

1813 - William H. Harrison defeated a combined British-Indian force and kills Tecumseh. Eliminates major Indian threat

Treaty of Ghent

1814 - Ended War of 1812 (“—status quo ante—”)

Election of 1812 (during war)

Elected Madison

Hartford Convention

1814-1815 - a bunch of New England states, all Federalist, meet up and decide to demand a bunch of things from the Federal Gov’t. Namely they wanted a 2/3 vote before the gov’t could institute an embargo, declare war, or admit a new state into the union. If not, some threatened secession!!