POL 130 Exam 2

what is IPE?

International Political Economy, how politics and economies interact.

What IR theory did Gilpin argue for?

Realism

What did Gilpin say about Power and Institutions?

Power matters but so do institutions. Institutions are instruments of power and cooperation.

According to Gilpin, what are the three questions of IPE?

What determines the nature of economic order
How are wealth and power distributed

How does change produce conflict/cooperation

According to Gilpin, what is the Global Economic Order?

rules for trade, money and finance, investments ,dispute resolution and the institutions that manage them.

According to Gilpin, is order neutral?

No, it reflects the power and intrest’s of the largest power.

According to Gilpin, what is the role of a hegemon

provides an open market (import demand)

supports liquidity and monetary stability

enforces or leads the rules

absorbs some costs of maintaining the system

According to Gilpin, what are the three levels of distributional fights?

within states

among states

states vs. markets

According to Gilpin, what are the benefits of interdependence

it can produce mutual gains, cooperation, and peace

According to Gilpin, what are the drawbacks of interdependence

It can be weaponized via export controls and supply chain leverage.

what case study does Gilpin use to demonstrate his point?

USA and China, Belt and Road initiative.

What IR theory does Hiscoy argue for?

Liberalism

What are Hiscoy’s core ideas?

How trade coalitions form. They form over class lines when there is a high factor mobility, and they form over industry lines when there is low factor mobility.

According to Hiscoy, what is the Sector Model of trade prefrences?

When there are preferences formed along industry lines. Both business owners and workers want to protect their specific industry.

According to Hiscoy, what is the Factor Model of trade preferences?

When there are preferences formed along class lines. Business owners across all industries prefer deals that protect their capital, and workers prefer deals that protect their rights.

According to Hiscoy, what is high factor mobility?

People and capital can move around easily, and so trade shocks are diffused across industries. This leads to class based preferences.

According to Hiscoy, what is low factor mobility?

People and capital can’t move around easily, and so trade shocks are concentrated in industries. This leads to sector based preferences.

According to Hiscoy, what do political coalitions have to do with the economy?

The structure of the economy, shapes the structure of political coalitions

What IR theory do Mansfield and Milner argue for?

Liberalism

What are Mansfield and Milner’s core ideas?

Some states sign and comply with trade agreements more than others because of democratic restraints and veto players

According to Mansfield and Milner, what do institutions determine?

Creditability, Commitment, and depth of cooperation.

According to Mansfield and Milner, what are the three restraints that democratic countries have?

Votes

Veto Players

Credible Commitment Logic

What are Gilpin’s core ideas?

Power matters but institutions matter too because they are instruments of power and cooperation.

What are Betts and Christensen’s core ideas?

The Rise of China, and what the US should do to curb it.

According to Betts and Christensen, how do we evaluate China’s rising.

We decide which part of China is rising and over what peirod.

According to Betts and Christensen, what are the three things to separate to evaluate the different Chinas

Capabilities

Intention

Global scope

According to Betts and Christensen, what is the China problem?

Military Balance

Nuclear Risk

Economic integration/coercion

Alliances/ order

Domestic Nationalism

According to Betts and Christensen, what is the key takeaway about the China problem?

There isn’t one single China question, so any specific policy needs to be tailored to each specific area?

What is Ikenberry’s core idea?

The Liberal order is strong enough to accomidate China’s rise. China benefits from it too much.

According to Ikenberry, what is institutionalized restraint?

US hegemony institutionalized after 1945

Rules/ institutions are bought in from smaller, weaker states.

What is Ikenberry’s forecast for the future.

China seeks influence within the system and will try to change it. We should double down on US-lead institutions

What is Friedburg’s core idea

The US China rivalry is structured. Engagement is insufficient; the US should actively compete against China.

What is Friedburgs forecast for the future of China?

China is a longterm competitor across every area, and the US must build sustained national power to meet it.

What are Sagan’s main ideas?

Countries build nuclear weapons for one of three reasons: security, domestic politics and norms.

According to Sagan, what is the Security reason for building nuclear weapons?

Its realist in nature. Its to deter other states, prevent coercion and balance stronger enemies

According to Sagan, what is the Domestic Politics reason for building nuclear weapons?

It is liberal in nature. Nuclear programs create legitimacy within and can be driven by internal actors, such as military, bureaucratic, or scientific.

According to Sagan, what is the Norms reason for building nuclear weapons?

It is constructivist in nature. Nules are a symbol of prestige and identity, that you are technologically advanced enough to make nukes.

What case study does Sagan use?

North Korea

What is Van Jackson’s core idea?

Why nukes produce terrifying crises. Near war w/o intent.

According to Van Jackson what are the problems in a nuclear crisis?

Credibility gap, audience cost, military movements, time pressure/ preemption risk and misreading intentions.

What case study did Van Jackson use?

US the North Korea nuclear escalation.

What are Cho and Petrovic’s main ideas

North Korea had a deliberate lack of clarity about, when it would use nukes, pre-delegated authority and how it would interpret attacks.

According to Cho and Petrovic, how does nuclear ambiguity protect a country from attack.

Due to countries not knowing how it would handle an attack, i.e. what there limit is for nuclear use, they are less likely to engage with a county.

What case study does Cho and Petrovic use?

North Korea

What are Waltz’s main ideas?

Nuclear weapons create deterrence b/c it is always catastrophic. Nuclear weapons balance, causing stability.

What case study did Waltz use?

Iran

What are Sagan’s core ideas?

States are made up of organizations and are composed of real people. Accidents and unauthorized use can happen, and even rational leaders can loose control of escalation. Reagional proliferation increases risk.

What case study does Sagan use?

Iran

What is Lim’s main idea?

Iran is not irrational nor are they acting purely strategical, they have openly pressured nuclear capability w/o actually creating a bomb.

According to Lim what are the strategical goals through nuclear weapons?

Regime survival, deterrence against stronger enemies, strategic autonomy, and regional influence.

What case study did Lim use?

Iran

What are Robinson’s main ideas?

He writes about the JCPOA, it delays breakout time, and increases transparency.

According to Robinson what are the JCPOA’s mechanisms?

Constraints, Verifications and Incentives

What are Hoffmans main ideas?

Defining terrorism and how/why it is used.

According to Hoffman, what is the definition of terrorism?

the deliberate use or threat of violence by a non state actor to achieve a political objective by intimidating or coercing a broader audience often through attacks on non competence or symbolic targets?

According to Hoffman what is the point of terrorism?

Its a form of communication, to send a message, signal resolve, create fear or provoke a response.

What are Kydd and Walter’s main points?

Terrorism is a costly signal (loosing something to send a message), Terrorism can signal resolve and capacity.

According to Kydd and Walter what are the 5 basic strategies of terrorism?

• Attrition

• Intimidation

• Provocation

• Spoiling

• Outbidding

What are Mearsheimer and Walt’s core ideas?

Preventative war is counter productive, Iraq is not a a central threats, and prioritization is more important.

What do Mearsheimer and Walt say about war in Iraq?

It is pointless. Containment has worked in the area; war would only create more instability and therefore terrorism, and it would put the regional balance in jeopardy (Iran and Iraq were balancing each other).

What case study do Mearsheimer and Walt use?

Iraq

What are Jervis’ main ideas?

The US Intelligence community failed not because of bad information but because of key failures within the system.

According to Jervis, what is the pathway to intelligence failure?

• Prior belifs and anchoring

• Ambiguous evidence

• Group think

• Politicization

• Worst-case thinking

I.e. phycology applied to politics.

What case study did Jervis use?

Iraq/Afganistan

What are Betts’ main ideas about terrorism?

The US needs to pick its battles with counter terrorism and counter insurgency missions, because there are finite resources and overreach creates failure.

According to Betts, what are other ways to avoid large military depolyment.

• prioritization

• cost benefit analysis

• limits of military force

• political objectives

Not “can we win” but “is it worth it”

According to Betts, what is mission creep?

• intervention often expands objectives

• wars become open ended

• unclear end states

• tactical success doesn’t mean strategical success

What are Byman and McCants’ main ideas?

In order to avoid mission creep, states must choose an option on the flight or fight continuum. They need to avoid permanat occupation, nation building, and they need to manage, rather than eradicate risks. permanent

According to Byman and McCants what is on the Strategic Menu?

• Limited footprint/ Offshore Balancing

• Target Counter Terrorism

• Capactiy Building

• Selective disengagement

What is Collier’s main idea?

War is a market. Grievances are common, but civil war isn’t. The grievances that become wars are the ones that are funded.

According to Collier, what are the parts of the war market?

Recruits, Organizers and Resources

What are Collier’s policy implications for foreign aide?

Reduce the feasibility of civil war by chocking finance flow (increasing wages), strengthening enforcement and capacity, and transparent development.

What are Cedarman’s main ideas?

Ethnic conflict is modern and political. It is tied to state building, nationalist projects, and exclusion.

According to Cedarman what are the truths about ethnic conflict?

• its routed in numbers

• most ethnic groups never rebel

• Ethnonationalist conflicts vary massively over time

• Few conflicts account for a huge share of deaths

• Ethnicity is often a vehicle for status corruption and state power

What is the political definition for human rights?

They are claims individuals have against states. Responsibilities that states have

What is Donnelly’s main idea?

“relative universality” of rights. Rights are universal in concept, but they are realized differently based on culture.

What are Koh’s main ideas?

How international law is enforced. Compliance happens because norms get embedded inside initiations.

According to Koh, what mechanisms translate law intobehavior?

• Sanctions

• Aide restrictions

• Reputational costs

• Persecution

• Travel bans

According to Koh, what are the three enforcement pathways of international law?

Domestic, International, Transnational

What are Bellinger and Padmanabhan’s main ideas?

Human detention is the hardest testcase of the legitimacy of human rights laws. It tests security needs, human rights norms, and the laws of war categories.

According to Bellinger and Padmanabhan, what are the main reasons detention is so difficult.

• Classification of war

• Criteria and duration of conflict (who can be detained and for how long?)

• Procedural safeguards (Kinds of trial and evidential standards?)

• Transfer and Repatriation (where do detainees go?)

What are Sam Powers’ main ideas?

Intervention in Rwanda by the US was not ignorance and not impossible. It was a policy choice driven by incentives and institutional reflexes (avoidance logic).

According to Sam Powers, how was inaction produced when deciding about Rwanda?

• Process as protection from responsibility

• Delays legal parsing, mandate narrowing

• Multilateralism as sheild

According to Sam Powers, what is Somalia Syndrome?

Somalia was a failed intervention where the US tried and failed to intervene. Many people fear a repeat of what happened there. Rwanda became filtered through past trauma and not evaluated on its own merits.

What case study did Sam Powers use?

Rwanda

What are Betts’ main ideas about intervention?

There is no such thing as impartial intervention. Impartial intervention is often unstable and ineffective, and it often favors perpetrators. Successful interventions often require war-like means.

According to Betts, what do successful interventions usually require?

• Strong leverage over armed actors

• Credible coercion and willingness to use force

• Some form of side taking (even if framed as protecting civilians)

What are Peter’s main ideas?

The United Nations has a doctrine - practice gap. They say that they are impartial and are against force, but often they are partial (protecting civilians), enforce rules, and nation build. The case in Rwanda was a structural failure.

According to Peter, what was the issue with UN’s Rwanda intervention.

• Limited troops and equipment

• Constrained rules of engagement

• Political reluctance to reinforce

• Withdraw and reduction at worst moment

What case study did Peter use?

Rwanda

What is Responsibility to Protect (R2P)?

The collective responsibility to protect populations for atrocity crime. It reframes sovereignty.

What are the issues with Responsibility to Protect? (R2P)

• political will

• coercion reluctance

• fear of mission creep

• selective applications

• capacity

What are Harden’s main ideas?

The tragedy of the commons is the reason that climate and pandemic control are the way they are.

According to Harden, what are two broad solutions for the tragedy of the commons?

Privatization and property rights, and regulation.

What are Nordhaus’ core ideas?

Climate control often requires voluntary pledges which have weak compliance. The issue is compliance, not agreeing on targets. Proposes Climate Club.

According to Nordhaus what is the Climate Club and what are it’s issues?

A Club that offers benefits if a country hits climate goals, such as free trade. The issue is that it might leave out developing countries and stunt their growth even more.

What are Selby and Kagana’s main ideas?

Climate and COVID are related crises that expose the same issues: unequal vulnerability, short-term politics, geopolitical path-dependence, and systems that treat crises as external shocks rather than predictable outcomes. Crisis reveals interdependence but not solidarity.

What are Bollyky and Bown’s main idea?

States hoard vaccines primarily as a strategic hedge against uncertainty and to prioritize own citizens.

What are Worshop et. al’s main ideas?

Many states chose to close borders, against WHO recommendations, to avoid blame or appearing weak, symbolic actions, follow herd behavior, and to be safe rather than sorry.

What are Horowitz, Kreps and Ferman’s core ideas?

Drones aren’t hard to acquire, but the support systems are. Proliferation doesn’t mean equal capabliliy. Drones might lower large scale conflics