ANS 214 Exam 4 (Reproductive System, Mammary System)

Gamete

specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction

Meiosis

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

Spermiogensis

maturation of spermatids into sperm cells

Spermatid

an immature male sex cell formed from a spermatocyte that can develop into a spermatozoon without further division.

Semen

the combination of sperm and seminal fluid

Interstitial Endocrine Cell

These are endocrine cells that mainly produce testosterone, the male sexual hormone, and release it into the blood and into the neighboring tissues.

Oogenesis

the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum

Ovum

A mature egg cell

Follicle

the sac in the ovary in which the egg develops

Ovarian Cycle

follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase

Uterine Cycle

menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase

Corpus Luteum

Endocrine tissue which produces hormones, estrogen, and progesterone which prepares the uterine lining for receiving an embryo

Theca Cells

estrogen-producing cells in a maturing ovarian follicle

Granulosa Cells

the majority of the cells surrouding an oocyte in a follicle. Granulosa cells secrete estrogen during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle (before ovulation).

Fertilization

the action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

Maternal Recognition

the requirement for the conceptus (embryo and its associated extra-embryonic membranes) to produce a hormone that acts on the uterus and/or corpus luteum (CL) to ensure maintenance of a functional CL for production of progesterone

Parturition

act of giving birth

Placentation

the development and differentiation of the fetal and maternal portions of the placenta

GnRH

causes pituitary to release LH and FSH

FSH

A tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that targets the gonads. In females, FSH stimulates the ovaries to develop follicles (oogenesis) and secrete estrogen; in males, FSH stimulates spermatogenesis.

LH

Luteinizing hormone, ovulation and egg release, maturation of egg, release of testosterone in males.

Estrogen

A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Progesterone

A hormone produced by the ovaries which acts with estrogen to bring about the menstral cycle.

ADP

a glycoprotein (beta-globulin) produced by the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis that binds specifically to testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and 17-beta-estradiol.

Teat

nipple of mammary gland

Colostrum

a premium fluid that is low in fat and high in protein, vitamin A, and minerals. This is produced toward the end of pregnancy and into the first few days after birth.

Involution

When mammary gland returns to normal size after weaning of offspring

Estrogen mammary system

A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Growth Hormone (GH)

influences growth

Progesterone mammary system

A hormone produced by the ovaries which acts with estrogen to bring about the menstral cycle.

Prolactin

stimulates milk production

Oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding. Causes milk let down.

Functions of the mammary system

provide offspring with nourishment and provide passive immunity

Milk is composed of..

water, carbohydrates (lactose), fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals, immunity (IgG), and growth factor

Milk is made up of what two main things..

casein and whey protein

Casein

protein in milk

Whey Protein

A mixture of globular proteins isolated from whey, the liquid material created as a byproduct of cheese production.

Anatomy of Mammary System

Alveoli (One functional unit), lobules, lobe.

Alveoli

Made up of epithelial cells (milk producing), myoepithelial cells (milk contracting)

Myoepithelail Cells

Cells that contract to squeeze milk out of the alveoli

Mammogenesis

-Preparing the mammary gland

-ductal growth (puberty)

-Lobuloaveolar growth (start of lactation) regulated by estrogen, GH, progesterone

Lactogenesis

- Synthesis of milk components

-Lactose production

-Composed of galactose and glucose

Prolactin stimulates enzyme galactosyl transferase which..

helps with adding galactose and glucose to form lactose

Galactokinesis

Removal of milk stimulated by oxytocin

Galactopoiesis

Maintenance of lactation (prolactin inhibits GnRH), management strategies to increase milk persistency.

Functional unit of the mammary system

Alveoli

Functions of the male reproductive tract...

Detect estrus in the female, insemination of the female, Produce and maintain a supply of genetic material (sperm)

What is the purpose of the tail in sperm?

Mobility

Sperm + Seminal fluid =

semen

How does a male detect females in heat (estrus)?

Visual cues (swelling of vulva, standing heat, "winking" of vulva), and pheromones produced by females.

How do males detect pheromones?

They use vomeronasal cavity to detect pheromones

Two types of penis

Vasculature and fibroelastic

Vasculature penis

grows in length and diameter. Found in humans/horses. A lot of open cavities which allows for flood flow. Glands penis = senses temp and pressure.

Fibroelstic Penis

Large amount of connective tissue. Doesn't allow for a lot of space or growth except length. "s" shape when relaxed. Boar has "screw shape"

When the penis is not erect..

It is held in the body in the sigmoid flexure. Covered by a sheath. Retractor penis muscle relaxes during an erection to allow for extension.

Testicle Function

Produce testosterone, location of sperm production, transport sperm out of testicles.

Sperm matures in the..

epididymis

The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that

One mature ovum is produced in oogenesis, and four mature sperm are produced in spermatogenesis.

______ cells, located between seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone.

Interstitial

T/F: In early spermatogenesis, a spermatid is going to a spermatozoon. Then in late spermatogenesis a spermatozoon is going to a sperm.

False

Sperm are produced in the:

seminiferous tubules

Sperm compete the maturation process and are stored in the:

Epididymis

A way that testis are kept cool:

cremaster muscle, tunica dartos muscle, pampiniform plexus

What penis is correctly matched with its description?

Fibroelastic - high connective tissue, slight growth in length, sigmoid flexure.

Vascular - high vascular tissue, growth in length and diameter.

Spermatogenesis goes through what process to create what?

Meiosis - 4 haploid cells from 1 diploid cell.

During spermiogenesis ________.

The acrosome (full of hydrolytic enzymes) forms at the anterior end of the spermatid, the mitochondria form around the proximal end of the flagellum to provide energy to the sperm, and excessive cytoplasm is shed.

What hormone binds to testosterone to promote spermatogenesis?

Androgen binding protein

Semen:

Is a mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions. Contains fructose, ascorbic acid and prostaglandins from seminal vesicles. Contains citrate and enzymes required to activate sperm.

What is NOT a way that sperm move toward the oviduct?

Pheromones

What is the correct order for the process of sperm fertilizing the ovum?

Attachment of the sperm to the egg, acrosomal reactions, penetration of the sperm to the egg, fusion of the egg and sperm, and then secretion of cortical granules.

Initially, what hormone maintains pregnancy and where is it secreted from?

Progesterone - corupus luteum

Meiosis in the female is completed:

After fertilization

Where specifically does fertilization occur?

Ampullary-isthmic junction

During meiosis in female reproduction, what is produced?

One oocyte and 3 polar bodies

The ovarian cycle does NOT contain what?

Follicular phase, ovarian phase, ovulation, or luteal phase.

Ovarian phase

How is estrogen produced?

Granulosa and theca cells together

What is the smallest, most immature follicle?

Primordial follicle

What is an antral?

A fluid filled space found in the late secondary follicle and the vesicular follicle.

Progesterone is at highest levels during which phase of the uterine cycle?

Secretory Phase

The peak of estrogen indicates what?

The end of the proliferation phase and beginning of the secretory phase

The endometrial layer within the uterus is at its lowest during what phase?

Menstrual phase

What occurs if fertilization does not occur?

The corps luteum degenerates, progesterone levels fall, and death of endometrial cells.

_____ is the primary hormone that contributes to the development the ducts of the mammry gland.

Estrogen

The smallest unit of the mammary gland which is composed of epithelial cells is the ______

Alveolus

During galactokinesis, this hormone stimulates the contraction of myoepithelial cells:

Oxytocin

What hormone is responsible for maintaining lactation?

Prolactin

Which of these phases is NOT correctly matched with its function.

Mammogenesis - Builds/develops mammary glands.

What is the functional unit of the mammary system?

Alveoli

During mammary development, the bud supports development of ________ sprout which forms the gland cistern, teat cistern, and stream canal.

Primary Sprout

This class of mammals does not have a true placenta and has very short gestation periods (8-46 days).

Methatheria

This class of mammals produces milk, but does not have teats.

Prothotheria

This class of mammals has a true placenta and is 95% of all mammals

Eutheria

Fetal mammogenesis is driven by this hormone.

Growth Hormone

Progesterone stimulates _______

Alveolar Growth

This is the highest component found in milk.

Water

This component found in milk aids with calcium absorption.

Fat (Lactose?)

Which of the following will increase galactopoiesis?

Increased suckling

Which of the following will prevent galactokinesis?

Stress

What produces testosterone?

Interstitial endocrine cells (Latic cells)

Functions of testosterone?

Development of secondary sex characteristics and maintain libido and male reproductive tract