Anatomy but like for real this time

What are the caudal attachments of the external abdominal oblique?

Linea alba, inguinal ligament (coxal tuber and prepubic tendon)

What are the caudal attachments of the internal abdominal oblique?

Lumbar transverse processes, coxal tuber, inguinal ligament, last rib and linea alba

What are the caudal attachments of the tranversus abdominis?

Last ribs, lumbaer transverse processes, linea alba

What are the caudal attachments of the rectus abdominis muscle?

Sternum and costal cartilages, pecten of pubis

What is the difference of the heart supply between the horse and the ruminant?

In the horse, the left and right coronary arteries have equal contribution to the myocardium. Additionally, horses only have a right azygous vein that drains into the cranial vena cava. In the ruminant, the left coronary artery contributes more to the blood flow and has both left and right azygous veins.

How is the position of the heart different between the horse and the cow?

The horse heart occupies intercostal spaces 2-6, whereas the ruminant heart occupies spaces 2-5.

What species has a tracheal bronchus?

Ruminants!

What vessels are associated with what grooves in the rumen?

Left and right ruminal arteries are associated with left and right longitudinal grooves.

What is covered by the greater omentum? Lesser omentum?

The greater omentum covers the cecum, jejunum, ileum (probably, highly motile), and the ventral sac of the rumen. Basically, covers the intestinal mass on the right side. I don’t think lesser omentum fully covers anything but will have to check.

What is the difference between the ruminant and the pig spinal colon?

Cinnamon roll vs ice cream cone; the centripetal and centrifugal loops loop in close proximity to each other and will lie on the same plane. In the pig, the loops will curl but will be more spaced out and will move caudoventrally.

What is the dorsal epithelialization of the dorsal stomach in the horse? In the ventral?

The dorsal portion of the stomach is non-grandular, the ventral part of the stomach is glandular.

What structures of the kidney are unique to the species? What are the differences between species?

The ruminant stomach maintains its lobes and contains no renal pelvis. The horse’s kidney is heart-shaped and does contain a renal pelvis. The porcine kidneys are proportionate in position and are ventral to the 1st 4 lumbar transverse processes. In the porcine, there is complete fusion of the cortex, retains renal pyramids and 2 major calices join at pevlis.

What organs are supplies by the celiac artery?

Liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, cranial duodenum

What organs are supplied by the cranial mesenteric artery?

Distal duodenum to proximal part of descending colon

What does the caudal mesenteric artery supply?

Descending colon and cranial rectum

What is the location of the vertebrae relative to the celiac artery?

The celiac artery is located ventral to the 18th thoracic vertebrae

What is the location of the vertebrae relative to the cranial mesenteric artery?

The cranial mesenteric artery is very close to the celiac artery will be at the 17th lumbar vertebrae, in the root of the mesentery.

What is the location of the vertebrae relative to the caudal mesenteric artery?

The location of the caudal mesenteric artery is ventral to the 4th vertebrae near the caudal border of the left kidney.

What makes up the superficial inguinal ring?

It is formed by the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique

What makes up the deep inguinal ring?

Caudal boundary: inguinal ligament

Cranial boundary: the caudal free edge of internal abdominal oblique muscle

Medial/ventral boundary: lateral edge of prepubic tendon/ caudal part of rectus abdominis muscle

What goes through the inguinal canal in the male? In the female?

Both genders have the external pudendal artery and the genitofemoral nerve pass through the inguinal canals. In males, the contents of the spermatic cord pass as well.

What makes up the vaginal ring? Do both males and females have it?

The vaginal ring is a ring of peritoneum around the spinal cord as it leaves the abdominal cavity and begins to pass through the deep inguinal ring. Both males and females have it, but it is much more clinically significant in the male.

What makes up the vaginal tunic? Do both genders have it?

The vaginal tunic is when the parietal peritoneum evaginates through the inguinal canal around the structures of the spermatic cord. Only the males have a functional vaginal tunic.

What is the vaginal cavity? Do both genders have it?

The vaginal cavity is the cavity within the parietal vaginal tunic continuous with the peritoneal cavity through the vaginal ring. Only males have a vaginal cavity.

What makes a castration closed vs open?

In a closed castration, the parietal vaginal tunic is kept intact. In an open castration, the parietal vaginal tunic is opened.

How does testicular position change between species?

Dogs, cats, horses and pigs have a horizontal orientation for their testes, where the head of the epididyus is cranial and the tail and epididymis is caudal. In cattle, the testes are centered in more of a vertical orientation, where the head of the epididymis is dorsal and the tail of the epididymis is caudal

What are the peritoneal pouches?

In the female, there is the pararectal fossa (dorsal to rectum), rectogenital pouch, vesicogenital pouch and pubovesicular pouch. In the male, the pararectal fossa that continues lateroventrally with the rectogenital pouch.

What is the function of the ampullae? What species has it?

The ampullae adds fructose and increases the volume of the ejaculate. Both the boar and the stallion have ampullae, but the boar and the dog do not have it.

What is the function of the vesicular glands? Which animals have it?

The prostate adds fructose and increases the volume of the ejaculate. The stallion, bull and boars have it, but the dog or cat does not.

What is the function of the vesicular glands? Which animals have it?

The ampullae adds fructose and increases the volume of the ejaculate. All animals have it except for the dog and cat.

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands? Which animals have it?

The ampullae adds fructose and increases the volume of the ejaculate. It is in all species except for the dog (and vestigial in tom cat).

Which lymphatic structures drain the male reproductive organs?

The testes drain to the medial iliac lymph nodes. The superficial inguinal lymph node drains the penis, prepuce and scrotum.

What are the common points of urethral obstruction and in what species?

Check

What are the differences if ovaries between the horse and the ruminant?

In the ruminant, the ovaries are positioned just cranial to the pelvic inlet. Follicles and corpus lutea project from the surface when growing due to the cortex being on the outside and the medulla being on the inside. For the horse, the ovaries are located halfway between the last rib and the tuber coxae. The ovary of the horse is flipped, where the medullary tissue is on the outside and the cortex is on the inside, forming an ovulaton fossa. The follicles also do not project from the surface like a ruminant’s does.

What is the difference in blood supply of the uterus between the horse and the cow?

For the ruminant uterus, the uterine artery from the umbilical/internal iliac artery is the primary blood supply. In the horse, the uterine artery of the EXTERNAL ILIAC artery is the primary source of blood supply to the uterus.

What is the intracorneal ligament?

The intracorneal ligament is a ligament in between the uterine horns and it functions to retract the uterus during rectal palpation.

What is the difference in vestibule anatomy between species?

The depth of the vestibule in the cow is much shallower than the mare. The vestibule in the cow is also more proximal to the bony pelvis than the mare.

What types if placentomes does each species have?

Ruminants have caruncles in the uterus and cotyledons in the placenta. Horses do not have placentomes.

What is the gland clitoris and what species have it?

The gland clitoris is the opening of the clitoral sinuses and are commonly swabbed for equine metritis that causes fertility and abortion. Both the ruminant and the horse have the clitoris

Describe the process of milk let down.

The teat is physically stimulated by the cow. Messages then travel to the brain and oxytocin is released from the pituitary gland. Oxytocin travels to the mammary gland and binds to myoepithelial cells. This causes squeezing of the milk for collection.

What are the components of the mammary gland’s suspensory apparatus? What are the origins of these components?

Lateral suspensory lamina: collagenous connective tissue originating from the lateral crus of the superficial inguinal ring and femoral fascia

Medial suspensory lamina: primarily ELASTIC connective tissue originating from the abdominal tunic and symphysial tendon that forms the external median groove. These are also present in the mare but much less developed.

How many ducts per udder in each species?

In the cow, there is one duct per quarter, making four ducts per udder. The doe and ewe has one duct per gland with two glands total, having two ducts per udder. In the horse, there are two ducts per teat with two teats total, so there are four ducts per udder.

What is the innervation of the mammary organs?

The gland innervation is the genitofemoral nerve, the cutaneous innervation is from the ventral branches of the first two lumbar vertebrae, the genitofemoral nerve, and the mammary branches of the pudendal nerve.

What is the blood supply to the mammary glands?

The primary blood supply is the EXTERNAL PUDENDAL ARTERY, which divides into cranial and cauda mammary arteries

How does the venous return change from an unbred heifer to a to a gestating heifer?

Prior to lactation, the equine has the caudal superficial epigastric veins and the cranial superficial epigastric veins. When the cow begins to lactate, valves in both veins open and they anastomose, forming the subcutaneous abdominal vein, or the “milk vein”.

What is the topographical location of the cecum in the horse?

The base of the extends from the 15th rib to the pelvic inlet. The body fills the right flank and the apex extends to the xiphoid process.

What is the level of the opening of the cecoloci orifice and the ileocolic orifice?

Both openings are at the level of the 17th intercostal space

What segments of the horse GI have sacculations?

The cecum, the ventral colons and the descending colon all have sacculations.

What is the topographical location of the liver in the horse?

The liver does NOT extend to the abdominal floor and sits in the dorsal 2/3 of the abdominal cavity. On the right, the liver extends from the diaphragm to the right kidney, the most caudodorsal part being between the 15th and 17th rib. On the left, the liver is caudal to the diaphragm under rib 6 or 7-10.

What is the topographical location of the stomach in a horse?

Cardia is at about the level of the upper part of the 11th rib. The fundus is at the upper part of the 15th rib and the lowest part of the body is at the level of the 9-10th rib.

What is the topographical location of the spleen in the horse?

Base is under the last three or four ribs in the ventral 2/3rds, in the 9-12th ICS.

What is the topographical location of the left kidney in a horse?

Extends between the last T rib and first 2-3 L vertebrae

What is the topographical location of the jejunum in the horse?

Primarily found in the left dorsal abdomen but can be found almost anywhere.

What is the topographical location of the descending colon in the horse?

In the dorsal, caudal, left side of the abdomen, dorsal to jejunal coils but also mobile.

What is the topographical location of the duodenum in the horse?

Descends on the right, deep to the liver and then bends medially at the caudal pole of the right kidney

What is the topographical location of the right kidney in the horse?

Extends from the last 2-3 ribs to the first lumbar vertebrae

What is the topographical location of the liver in the ruminant?

Almost entirely to the right under the cover of the ribs and diaphragm, ventral third of the 6th intercostal space to the upper part of the 11th or 12th ICS

What is the topographical location of the spleen in the ruminant?

On the left at the dorsal end of the 10-11th rib to the costochondral junction of rib 7 (smaller on goats and sheep)

What is the topographical location of the cardia in the ruminant:

7th ICS or 8th rib

What is the topographical location of the rumen in the ruminant?

From the cardia to the pelvic inlet mainly to the left, but crosses midline

What is the topographical location of the reticulum in the ruminant?

From the cardia to the vertex of the Diaphragm (6th rib) mainly to the left, slightly larger in small ruminants.

What is the topographical location of the omasum in a ruminant?

Extends from the 7th to the 11th rib, right of the midline. Small ruminants is only the 8th-9th rib.

What is the topographical location of the abomasum in the ruminant?

On the abdominal floor, crosses obliquely from left to right

What is an LDA?

An LDA is a left displaced abomasum, in which the abomasum is filled with gas and moves under the rumen to the upper left side. Treatment involves decreasing the amount of gas in the abdomen and either moving the abomasum back manually and/or sewing it to the abdominal wall (abomasopexy).

What is an RDA?

An RDA is a right displaced abomasum and is not nearly as common as an LDA. In this case, the abomasum is found higher on the right side than usual, usually filled with gas. This is usually more of an emergency, since torsion is more likely to occur with this condition. Treatment involves decreasing the amount of gas in the abdomen and either moving the abomasum back manually and/or sewing it to the abdominal wall (abomasopexy).

What is the difference in the branches off the aorta between the canine and the ruminants?

In the canine, the left subclavian artery left directly off the aortic arch, separate from the brachiocephalic trunk. In the large animal, the left subclavian comes off the brachiocephalic trunk rather than the aortic arch. In the canine, the left and right arteries also stemmed off of the brachiocephalic trunk. In the large animal, the right subclavian stems off first, and the brachiocephalic trunk continues as the bicarotid trunk. Then the bicarotid trunk splits into the left and right common carotid arteries.

What are the boundaries of the paralumbar fossa?

Dorsal boundary: free ends of the lumbar transverse lumbar process

Cranial boundary: last rib

Caudoventral boundary: Dorsocranial edge of the internal abdominal oblique muscle off of the tuber coxae