p + d unit 2/3

public format

in front of an audience

private format

held in closed session

panel

a group of experts discusses a topic to provide information and opinions that another group can use to reach a decision

symposium

people present short, prepared speeches on the same topic then discuss among themselves

forum

a panel or symposium is opened up to the audience

free form

discuss a topic at free will

moderated free form

a leader introduces a topic and recognizes people to speak

standing committee

a small group of people is asked to study problems that fall within their scope of duties or functions and then make recommendations to the larger organization

ad hoc committee

similar to a standing committee except that the small group of people is asked to study a single issue

round table format

each member of a group discussion gives a brief report on some aspect of a topic and then the whole group discusses the separate reports

progressive format

a large group of people is divided into smaller groups, each of which discusses a different aspect of the topic.

questions of fact

validity, true/false

questions of value

used as a judgement (effective, good, worthy, better)

questions of policy

suggest action (“should”)

choose a topic

interesting informed significant limited

wording a questions

clear, objective, more than a yes or no

hasty generalization

conclusions based on very few observations or that ignore exceptions

begging the question

assuming the truth of a statement before it has been proven

false premise

a premise that is untrue or distorted

false analogy

an invalid comparison from weak or far-fetched comparisons

irrelevant evidence

information that has nothing to do with the argument being made

persuasion

the attempt to convince others to do something or to change a belief of their own free will

propaganda

persuasion that deliberately discourages people from thinking for themselves

transfer

builds a connection between things that are not logically connected

bandwagon

everyone is doing it

name-calling

labeling intended to arouse powerful negative feelings

card-stacking

based on half-truths and only presents partial information

stereotypes

biased beliefs about a whole group of people based on insufficient or irrelevant evidence

loaded words

evoke or draw out strong positive or negative attitudes towards a person, group or idea

speech body

the portion in which the main points are developed

main points

the major ideas under which the supporting information is organized

spatial order

the organization of things according to their position in space

topical order

an order in which a topic is broken down into parts that are then arranged in an order determined by the speaker

attention

sustained interest

goodwill

audience’s respect or positive feeling for the speaker as a person

interest

the involvement or concern the audience shows about the topic

formal outline

a short skeleton of the speech

levels of usage

different kinds of language you use for various audiences and purposes

simple words

familiar words (one or two syllables)

precise words

express thoughts and feelings accurately

specific words

identify items within a category

general words

refer to an entire category

concrete words

name things that can be perceived by one of the five senses

abstract words

name things like ideas or beliefs that can not be perceived by the senses

sensory words

appeal to one or more of the five senses

jargon

language that is used by people within a group, but is not understood by people outside of that group

cliché

an expression that has been used so often it has lost its power

euphamism

words or phrases used in place of words that are unpleasant or distasteful

impromptu

given in the spur of the moment with no preperation

manuscript

written out completely and read to the audience

memorized

written out completely and recited word for word

extemporaneous

fully outlined and practiced but not memorized

dynamism

the quality of being energetic and enthusiastic

comparative advantage method

present each reason as a benefit to the audience

inductive approach

begin with the reasons and lead up to the thesis

negative method

show no other option other than the one you propose is acceptable