immuno - antigens + the acquired immune response

antigens cause

immune response

what is a hapten?

LOW molecular weight compound, antigen but not big enough to provoke immune response

*must be conjugated to a carrier with a high molecular weight to induce immune response

4 requirements for immunogenicity (ability to cause immune response)

1. foreignness

2. high molecular weight

3. chemical compelxity

4. degradability and interaction with host's MHC/HLA

what is the exception for foreignness

autoimmune diseases

other things that may influence immunogenicity (3)

genetic makeup of you! controlled via MHC/HLA

dosage of antigen (need enough to stimulate)

route of administration of antigen

route of administration of antigen:

subcutaneous

langerhans skin cells are super APC's

route of administration of antigen:

intravenous

carried to spleen (immune response)

route of administration of antigen:

oral

gastrointestinal tract responsiveness or tolerance

route of administration of antigen:

inhalation

allergic hypersensitivity immune response

route of administration of antigen:

sexual

genitourinary tract

carbohydrates

antibody response: ______

associated with _____

gram negative bacterial components

ABO blood type surface antigens

lipis are _____ immunogenic unless...

immunogenic

conjugated to a carrier

nucleic acids are generally ____ immunogens

EXCEPT _____

poor

anti-DNA antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

proteins are nearly all immunogenic due to ____ and _____

size and complexity

B cells and antibodies are able to recognize which types of molecules?

many different! proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, lipids

most T cells recognize ONLY ____ antigens

protein

importance of FANA (fluorescent antinuclear antibody test)

staining technique that is SENSITIVE BUT NONSPECIFIC for lupus

antigen binding sites react _____ with antigens. they are _____ between antigen and antibody/T cell

specifically

complementary

binding site is called _____ on antigen

binding site is called _____ on antibody

binding site is called _____ on T cells

epitope/determinant

paratope/complementary

TCR (T cell receptor)

characteristics of antigen/antibody binding

relatively weak, non-covalent bonding

what is cross-reactivity

destruction of biologic activity of highly pathogenic microorganisms or toxis WITHOUT destroying immunogenicity

difference between toxin and toxoid

toxoid: modified toxin that is no longer toxic but still maintains immunogenicity (dont get sick)

toxin: toxic and causes immune response (get sick)

immunize with a _____, thereby inducing an immune response to some of the _________ between the toxoid and toxin

purpose?

toxoid

shared epitopes

*dont get sick, but immune system knows how to beat antigen if it comes into contact with it in the future!

importance of edward jenner

inoculated young boy with cowpox (toxoid to smallpox(toxin))

deliberately exposed boy to smallpox and he DIDNT GET SICK!!

yay proves toxoid works to create immune response and protect against the toxin!

active immunization:

via administration of an antigen

passive immunization:

via the transfer of specific antibody from an immunized individual to a non-immunized individual

adoptive immunization:

via transfer of immunity via transfer of immune cells

what is an adjuvant

HELPER!

substance that when mixed with an immunogen, enhances the immune response against the immunogen

adjuvants are used with _____ to enhance immune response

vaccines

examples of adjuvants in vaccines

aluminum hydroxide

freund's complete adjuvant - killed TB

COVID-19 vaccines

what organisms may cause immune response against non-self (antigens)

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans

allergens

what bacteria may cause corneal ulcers (3)

streptococcus pyogenes

streptococcus pneumonia

pseudomonas aeruginosa

how do corneal ulcers appear in the eye?

whitish corneal infiltrate, looks like white smudge/dot on cornea

corneal ulcers usually require _____

a damaged cornea

dendritic corneal ulcer is indicative of ____

HSK (herpes simplex keratitis)

herpes simplex keratitis is what kind of virus

enveloped double stranded DNA virus

epidemic keratoconjuctivitis is caused by which viruses? what kind of viruses are they?

adenovirus 8, 19, 37

non-enveloped double stranded DNA virus

POHS (_______) is caused by what!!

presumed ocular histoplasmosis

fungi in soil and plants

histoplasma capsulatum

how do most people get POHS

histoplasma capsulatum in soil + bird/bat poop --> tilling --> inhalation

triad of ocular histoplasmosis

1. optic nerve peripapillary atrophy

2. peripheral punched out retinal lesions

3. macular scar in some cases

toxoplasmosis gondii is due to ______ and can cause _______

protozoan parasite

macular scar

protozoans can also cause this condition _____

acanthamoeba keratitis

allergic conjuctivitis is due to

hypersensitivity

pathology of allergic conjuctivitis

treatment?

IgE + allergen + mast cells/basophils

mast cell stabilizer + anti-histamine (pataday)

inferior palpebral conjuctival injection

can be treatment for allergic conjuctivitis

the covid 19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in ________________________

reducing the severity and death caused by covid 19

what type of vaccine is the covid 19 vaccine

RNA vaccine

acts as mRNA to get cells to build foreign protein and create adaptive immune response to that