FINAL BIO MENDELIAN GENETICS

alternate forms of the same gametes are known as

alleles

which of the following is not a homozygous genotype?

AaBbCc

which genotype below indicates an organism with brown fur?

bb

In humans, the presence or absence of dimples is a trait by a single gene. What is the genotype of an individual who is a heterozygous for dimples

Dd

A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with the purebred plant that produces green seeds. The seeds of all of the offspring are yellow. Why?

the yellow allele is dominant to the green allele

The best definition of a “purebred” or “true-breeding” plant is one that____.

passes on the next generation only those traits identical to the parent

An individual who is homozygous____.

carries two copies of the same alleles

Mental crossed purebred… The offspring are all __, and the allele for purple flowers is.

heterozygotes; dominant

which of the following correctly indicates how meiosis gametes?

gametes have one allele copy for each gene

What is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes?

50%

Which cross will produce only heterozygous offspring?

AA + aa

one difference between mitosis and meiosis is ___.

mitosis produces haploid cells, but meiosis produces diploid cells

Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a dominant allele. What percentage of their children would be expected to have achondroplasia?

50%

what would genetic counselors say is the probability that the second child will have the disease?

1/4

What chromosomes belong to the normal human male?

44 autosomes and one X and one Y chromosomes

what chromosomes belong to a normal human female?

44 autosomes and 2X chromosomes

sexual reproduction in humans_____.

allows a haploid sperm cell to fertilize a haploid egg cell.

A couple has two female children. What is the probability that their next child will be male?

50%

which of the definitions compares mitosis with meiosis best?

mitosis includes includes one round of DNA duplication and one round of cell division, while meiosis includes one round of DNA duplication, but undergoes two round of cell division.

A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of seed color of the offspring of an F1 X F1 cross?

3:1

AN individual with the genotype AaBB produces four different gametes in equal proportions. This is a demonstration of___.

Mendal’s law of independent assortment

an alternate form of a gene

alleles

when an allele has no noticeable effect on an organism unless two copies of it are present___?

recessive

the mating of two organisms that are heterozygous for one trait

monohybrid cross

when the allele determines the appearance of an organism___?

dominant

having two different alleles for an gene___?

homozygous

having identical alleles for a gene____?

heterozygous

the mating of two organisms that are heterozygous for each of two traits__?

dihybrid cross

Which gas began increase in the atmosphere as a result of photosynthesis by autotrophic prokaryotes approximately 2.7 billion years ago.

oxygen

which is a component of a fossil record?

bones of dinosaurs

homology is evidence of

common ancestry

how are evolution and common ancestry related?

branches of science such as geology, biogeography, and the fossil record include evidence from both living populations and past population

how can the fossil record used as evidence for common ancestry?

rock layers can be dated and calibrated against a time scale

which of the following best lists are formed?

1.organism dies in a sediment, 2. hard material such as bones and teeth survive decomposition, 3. pressure surrounding the hard material allows minerals to move into bone replacing bone with minerals

which layer would you find the youngest at location 1 and oldest at location 2?

location 1 youngest: A, location 2 oldest rock: 0

identify which layer at location 1 is the same age as layer at location 2.

E

horse evolution is well documented which features connect the related species throughout time?

walk on a single hoof, adapted for grazing on open plains, and long tail hair

DNA and RNA are polymers composed of ____ monomers?

nucleotide

In a DNA double helix adenine pairs with ___ and guanine pairs with____?

thymine; cytosine

what is the other squanece is 5’-ATCCGA-3’?

3’-UAGGCU-5’

what type of chemical bond joins the bases of complementary DNA strands?

hydrogen

After DNA replication,_____.

each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand

How many nucleotides make up a codon?

three

manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA

transcription

Translation converts the information stored in ____ to _____.

RNA; protein

The RNA that is translated into a polypeptide is ___ RNA.

messenger

what cellular structure facilitates the process of translation

ribosomes

peptide bonds form between

amino acids

a mutation within a gene that will insert a premature stop codon in mRNA would____.

result in a shortened polypeptide

The codon CAU codes for amino acid…

histidine

the mutation is most harmful to cells if it resulted in ____.

a single nucleotide insertion near the start of the coding sequence

A researcher.. what kind of mutation likely occurred in this protein

one that introduced a premature stop codon

the mutation that resulted from an accident was probably___.

one that changed the triplet grouping of the genetic message

If a method of classification is used that compares similarity in shared ancestry, this method is using _____ as a basis for clarification?

homology

which of the following choices accurately describes the purpose of the pendactyl limb in seals?

the seal flipper has been adapted for increased surface area….

which of the following choices suggest how camels managed to get between Asia and North America?

crossing a land bridge between modern day Russia and Alaska

what types of scientific evidence, not available in the early 1800’s are available today to help?

DNA and protein evidence

what most influenced scientists changing ideas about common ancestry of aquatic animals?

newly discovered transitional fossils combined with new DNA matching technology.

How is this relevant to why mice are often more useful as substitutes for human medical investigations that sheep or cows?

Humans and mice are more alike at a molecular level than to the other species, so share a greater precent of DNA and gene sequences

How many years ago did storks separate from vultures?

42 million years ago

What are the two most closely related birds?

shoebill and pelican

What is the DNA difference score between Storkes and vultures?

5

a sequential collection of specimens in rock that show change from one species over time

fossil record

what is the key to the recognition of incomplete dominance?

the phentype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes

what is the key to the recognition of codominance?

the heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes

If the couple has a second son what is the probability that he will have a disease?

50%

many human traits, such as our performance on intelligence tests or our susceptibility to heart disease, are

influence by both genes and the environment

In humans, a gene involved in a sexlinked trait is located on

X chromosome

If a human male is color blind, from whom did he receive the recessive allele?

mother

human females are less likely to be colorblind than males because

females need two recessive alleles to be inherited to become colorblind rather than one like males

what is the relationship between the alleles for hair texture?

incomplete dominance

teh # of genotypes that could be formed in ABO human blood typing system that includes Rh factor is…?

eight

for a colorblind female , which of the following is not NOT true?

both her parents are colorblind

What is the probability that their first child will be male and colorblind?

0.25%

the mean birth weight for babies born in the US is 3.5kg, but the range of typical birth weights is quite narrow is an example of….

stabilizing selection

red wolves and coyotes are able to breed with each other and produce living hybrid offspring might be the best method of defining them both as separate species?

phylogenetic species concept

what type of voluntary pattern do these two unrelated desert species of reptile exhibit?

convergent evolution

the four concepts of Darwins theory of natural selection are…

finite resources, overpopulation, variation, and inheritance

structures pictured likely arose through

adaptive radiation

question… what letters?

scenaries A & C

Charles Darwin’s important observation pertaining to the birds of the Galapagos island

there were different finches, each with specifically adapted beaks

the termites living in a cabin are…

a population

a reproductive barrier that prevents species from mating is an example of

a pre-zygotic barrier

what type of reproductive isolating mechanism is described by a situation in which female fireflies only mate with males who emit light in a particular pattern?

behavioral isolation

the collective group of genes in a population

gene pool

the differences between individuals in a population as a result of genes and enviorment

variation

change in allele frequencies in a population due to random events

genetic drift

the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations

naturel selection

a change in the base sequence of DNA; the ultimate source of all’s

mutation