PHGY 170 M1 Block 6
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46 Terms
What is translation?
The process of synthesizing a protein using information in mRNA.
What is the purpose of translation?
To convert genetic information into a protein.
Where does translation occur?
At ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
What molecule serves as the template for translation?
mRNA.
What is a codon?
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA.
What does a codon specify?
A particular amino acid or stop signal.
How many nucleotides make up a codon?
Three.
What molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome?
tRNA.
What does tRNA stand for?
Transfer RNA.
What is an anticodon?
A three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA complementary to an mRNA codon.
What is the function of an anticodon?
Ensures the correct amino acid is added to the growing protein.
What organelle performs translation?
The ribosome.
What are ribosomes composed of?
rRNA and proteins.
What are the three stages of translation?
Initiation, elongation, and termination.
What happens during initiation?
The ribosome assembles on mRNA and the first tRNA binds.
What happens during elongation?
Amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain.
What happens during termination?
The completed protein is released from the ribosome.
What is the start codon?
AUG.
What amino acid is specified by AUG?
Methionine.
What is the function of the start codon?
Signals the beginning of translation.
What are stop codons?
Codons that signal the end of translation.
Do stop codons code for amino acids?
No.
What is a polypeptide?
A chain of amino acids.
What bond joins amino acids together?
A peptide bond.
What enzyme activity forms peptide bonds in the ribosome?
Peptidyl transferase activity.
What determines the amino acid sequence of a protein?
The codon sequence of mRNA.
What is the genetic code?
The set of rules relating codons to amino acids.
How many codons are possible?
64.
Why is the genetic code considered redundant?
Multiple codons can specify the same amino acid.
What is the A site of the ribosome?
The aminoacyl-tRNA binding site.
What is the P site of the ribosome?
The peptidyl-tRNA site.
What is the E site of the ribosome?
The exit site for tRNA.
Which ribosomal site receives incoming tRNA?
The A site.
Which ribosomal site holds the growing polypeptide chain?
The P site.
Which ribosomal site releases empty tRNA?
The E site.
What is a reading frame?
The way nucleotides are grouped into codons.
Why is the reading frame important?
It determines the correct amino acid sequence.
What happens if the reading frame is altered?
The resulting protein may be abnormal.
What is the product of translation?
A protein.
What process occurs before translation?
Transcription.
What process follows translation?
Protein folding and modification.
Why is translation important?
It produces proteins required for cellular function.
What molecule links transcription and translation?
mRNA.
What happens if a stop codon is not recognized?
Translation may continue beyond the normal endpoint.
What happens if the wrong tRNA binds?
An incorrect amino acid may be added.
Which process converts RNA information into protein?
Translation.