Kinesiology: Musculoskeletal, Nervous System, and Movement Mechanics

What are forces in the same plane and in the same or opposite directions called?

Parallel forces

What happens when the length of the force arm is increased?

Less force is needed to move resistance

What term describes motion created by forces that incorporates factors of time, space, and mass?

Kinematics

What law of motion must be overcome to put a wheelchair in motion?

Law of inertia

What are shear forces occurring within a joint called?

Gliding

How can stability be increased?

By increasing the base of support (BOS) and lowering the center of mass (COM)

What is the upward force a supporting surface exerts on an individual called?

Ground reaction force

What is the vector that represents the sum of the magnitude and directions of each individual vector?

Resultant force

What effect does moving the line of gravity (LOG) to the edge of the base of support (BOS) have?

Decreased stability

What force occurs on the convex side when an object bends?

Traction

What is the role of a tuberosity when muscle tendons pass under it?

It acts as a pulley

What class of lever is created when resistance is between the axis and the force?

Second class lever

What motion do torsional forces create in a bone?

Twisting

What is produced when muscles act together in a force couple?

Clockwise or counterclockwise rotation

What does a force that pushes body segments together create?

Compression

What is a moment arm (MA)?

The perpendicular distance between the application of a force and the axis

What does a vector describe?

Magnitude and direction

What is the base of support (BOS) when performing a push-up in the up position?

Area between balls of feet to palms

What is the recommended length of a wheelchair ramp for 4 steps that are each 5 inches high?

20 feet long

What is the name of the rule used to calculate the ramp length?

Rise over run

What is a synapse?

A small gap that is the junction between an axon and an interneuron

Where are afferent neurons located?

Posterior root ganglion

What is an area of the skin innervated by specific levels of the spinal cord called?

Dermatome

What do axons of efferent neurons do?

Exit the spinal cord

How many axons does a typical neuron have?

1

Where are lower motor neurons located?

Anterior horn

What provides protection to the central nervous system (CNS)?

Cerebrospinal fluid, Bone, Meninges

What aligns with the foramen magnum?

Vertebral foramen

What is the function of the nodes of Ranvier?

Speed up impulse conduction

What does the lateral corticospinal tract transmit?

Motor impulses from the brain to the spinal cord

Which muscles of the upper extremity does the radial nerve primarily innervate?

Extensors

What are the sensory receptors in muscles that respond to stretch?

Muscle spindles

What is the superficial layer of the meninges?

Dura

What do the terminal nerves of the brachial plexus serve?

Upper extremity

What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?

Vision

What do myelinated dendrites and axons appear as?

White

Which layer of the meninges contains blood vessels?

Pia

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for movement and personality?

Frontal

What are the three plexuses reviewed in class in cephalocaudal order?

Cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbosacral plexus

What symptoms might a patient with a brachial plexus injury experience?

Sensory and motor loss, Numbness and tingling, Radiating pain in the shoulder and upper arm

What functions might be impacted by cervical stenosis at the C5-C6 level?

Breathing, Upper extremity function

Which plexus is affected in Erb's palsy?

Brachial plexus

From which plexus is the median nerve derived?

Brachial plexus

What nerve is affected in Saturday night palsy?

Radial

Can a person with a spinal cord injury at levels C3 and above breathe without mechanical assistance?

No

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

How many true ribs are there?

7

What type of joints are between the bodies of vertebra?

Cartilaginous

What is the inner part of the intervertebral disk called?

Nucleus pulposus

Where is the dens located?

On the Axis

What primarily determines vertebral column motion?

Orientation of the intervertebral facet joints

What is the shape of the lumbar curve?

Lordotic

What motion occurs at the atlantoaxial joint?

Rotation

What are the primary spinal curves?

Thoracic and sacral

What are the secondary spinal curves?

Cervical and lumbar

During shoulder joint abduction, how much does the scapula rotate for every 2 degrees of abduction past 30 degrees?

1 degree

In which plane do scapular protraction and retraction occur?

Frontal

What happens during scapular tilt?

The inferior angle rotates posteriorly

What does the glenoid fossa of the scapula articulate with?

Humerus

What is the insertion of the serratus anterior muscle?

Anterior vertebral border of the scapula

What is the line of pull of the pectoralis minor muscle?

Mostly vertical

What is the plane of the scapula?

30 degrees forward of the frontal plane

Why does the scapula move through much more motion than the clavicle during scapular elevation?

Small angular motion at the axis produces a large arc of motion at the opposite end of a long lever

Which muscles form a force couple to produce scapular upward rotation?

Upper and lower trapezius and serratus anterior

Which bony landmark of the scapula is on the anterior surface?

Coracoid process

Which structure is not part of the shoulder girdle?

Humerus

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

Plane synovial joint

What is the articulation of the elbow joint?

Humerus, ulna, and radius

What is the normal end feel for elbow extension?

Hard

What is the normal range of motion for elbow flexion?

0 to 150 degrees

What is the origin of the medial head of the triceps brachii muscle?

Posterior surface of humerus

What is the origin of the posterior quadratus muscle?

Ulna

What is the action of the brachialis muscle?

Flexion

What arthrokinematic motion occurs at the humeroradial joint during pronation and supination?

Spin

Which elbow flexor is innervated by the radial nerve?

Brachioradialis

What type of joint is the elbow?

Hinge

Why do roll and glide occur in the same direction during elbow flexion and extension in an open kinetic chain?

Concave surface moves on fixed convex surface

What arthrokinematic movement occurs at each of the intercarpal joints?

Glide

What are the arthrokinematic motions during wrist flexion and extension?

Roll and glide, occurring in opposite directions

What do the bones of the wrist consist of?

Two rows of four carpal bones and the radius

Where is the articular disk attached?

To the radius but primarily between the ulna and triquetrum

Where is the common flexor tendon located?

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

What is the end feel for wrist flexion and extension motions?

Firm

What do the extensor carpi radialis longus and the flexor carpi radialis act as?

A force couple to produce radial deviation

What motion does the flexor carpi radialis produce?

Flexion with radial deviation

What is the function of the extensor retinaculum?

Prevent bowstringing of extensor tendons

What is the line of pull of most wrist muscles?

Vertical

What is the normal range of motion of wrist flexion?

0 to 80 degrees

How does the range of motion of ulnar deviation compare with radial deviation?

Greater

What bones articulate at the wrist joint?

Radius and carpal bones

What is the shape of the radiocarpal joint?

Condyloid

Which bones are the insertions for muscles that produce wrist motion?

Metacarpals

Which nerve innervates the wrist's extensor muscles?

Radial

Which carpal bone is located on the proximal row?

Lunate

Which two muscles insert on the base of the fifth metacarpal?

Flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi ulnaris

Which wrist muscle originates on the lateral supracondylar ridge?

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Where is the common extensor tendon located?

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

What is an example of an open kinetic chain activity?

An individual sitting on a high stool swinging their feet

How many degrees of freedom does a biaxial joint have?

2

In how many planes does a triaxial joint have motion?

3