cjc3110

SET 1: FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS & THEORIES

March of Progress;Perspective suggesting history is continuous improvement, with penal reforms as steps toward more humane and effective systems

Economic Model;Marxist-influenced model focusing on "haves vs have-nots" dynamics and how penal systems control marginalized groups

Social Context Model;Approach emphasizing multidimensional history considering religion, culture, and social structures in understanding penal reforms

Net Widening;Tendency of reform efforts to extend control over broader population segments rather than providing alternatives to punitive measures

Goal Displacement;When original reform goals (rehabilitation) are overshadowed by bureaucratic imperatives, focusing on system survival and expansion

Parens Patriae;Legal doctrine allowing juvenile courts to act as surrogate parents with broad discretion to intervene in troubled youth's lives

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SET 2: COLONIAL AMERICA (1600-1790)

Nature of Colonial Society;Small, close-knit communities where community, church, and family maintained social order

Colonial Ideology;Grim determinism - crime seen as sin and moral failing, not social problem; punishment viewed as morally right and necessary

Crime as Sin;Colonial belief that crime was spiritual and moral violation requiring correction through punishment

Colonial Punishment Types;Predominantly public and corporal: fines, whipping, shaming, banishment

Death Penalty Use;Reserved for outsiders and serious offenses in colonial period

Public Punishment Purpose;Served as social control mechanism, reinforcing community norms and deterring others

Colonial Overgeneralization;Tendency to generalize punishment practices across colonies, ignoring regional and cultural variations

Limited Colonial Perspective;Focus on dominant culture, neglecting marginalized voices (Indigenous, enslaved, women)

Community Influence on Punishment;Close-knit colonial communities fostered informal social control and public punishment culture through constant surveillance

Religious Influence on Law;Spiritual beliefs shaped legal framework with crime viewed as sin against God and community requiring moral correction

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SET 3: TRANSITION PERIOD (1790-1830)

Transition Society;American Revolution, Industrial Revolution, urbanization, westward expansion creating major social changes

National Identity Development;Emergence of federal laws and shift away from colonial practices toward unified national approach

Enlightenment Principles;Ideas of free will and utility principle influencing punishment and justice philosophy

Deterrence Philosophy;Belief that punishments should be certain, swift, and proportional to crime

Rational Actor Theory;Belief that individuals are rational actors leading to focus on deterrence-based punishment

Incarceration Shift;Transition from public and corporal punishment to incarceration for more humane approach

Law Enforcement Development;Establishment of formal agencies, transitioning from informal community-based to organized police forces

Transition Period Flaws;Overemphasis on Enlightenment ideals without addressing complexities and contradictions in practice

Limited Marginalized Perspectives;Narrative reflected dominant culture views, inadequately addressing experiences of women, Indigenous peoples, enslaved individuals

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SET 4: JACKSONIAN ERA - AGE OF PENITENTIARY (1830-1870)

Jacksonian Era Society;Booming economy, rapid urbanization, significant immigration causing social changes and challenges

Urban Disenchantment;Growing sense of urban problems with rising crime rates and social disorganization

Crime as Moral Disease;Crime viewed as product of disorganized, vice-ridden urban environment requiring treatment

Penitentiary Promise;Intended to serve as means of social organization and moral correction through structured environment

Penitentiary Practice;Reform through structured routines, labor, and isolation to transform offenders

Overcrowding Issues;Became significant problem leading to poor conditions and high recidivism rates

Continued Corporal Punishment;Despite incarceration shift, corporal punishment remained common in penitentiary facilities

Reform Failure;High recidivism and poor conditions challenged efficacy of penitentiary reform efforts

Jacksonian Overgeneralization;Chapter overgeneralized urban problems without addressing specific regional dynamics and variations

Limited Reform Outcomes;Discussions focused on intentions rather than detailed examples of how reforms played out in practice

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SET 5: PROGRESSIVE ERA - ADULT REFORMS (1880-1920)

Progressive Era Society;Rapid industrialization, immigration, urbanization creating poverty, crime, and public health crises

Progressivism Ideology;Advocated active government role in addressing social issues and promoting citizen welfare

Positivist Criminology;Scientific approach to understanding criminal behavior through psychological, biological, sociological perspectives

Punishment Philosophy Shift;From punitive measures to individualized treatment, focusing on rehabilitation over retribution

Reformatories;Institutions designed to rehabilitate through education and vocational training rather than punishment alone

Indeterminate Sentencing;Flexible system where sentence length depends on rehabilitation progress rather than fixed terms

Parole System;Supervised early release contingent on rehabilitation progress and good behavior

Probation System;Community-based supervision instead of incarceration, focusing on rehabilitation while maintaining accountability

Implementation Issues;Progressive ideals not fully realized due to overcrowding, understaffing, and lack of resources

Continued Corporal Punishment in Reformatories;Many reformatories still used harsh disciplinary methods despite rehabilitation focus

Social Bias in Progressive System;System perpetuated inequalities with marginalized groups facing harsher treatment and discrimination

Failed Individualization;Promise of individualized treatment often unfulfilled, with many reformatories housing seasoned criminals instead of intended youthful offenders

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SET 6: JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM (1900-1960)

Common Law Responsibility;Children categorized by age: under 7 (incapable), 7-14 (possibly capable), over 14 (definitely capable of criminal intent)

Child-Saving Movement;Aimed to rescue children from harsh urban realities and criminal prosecution through specialized treatment

Juvenile Court Promise;Treat children as children, focusing on rehabilitation over punishment with individualized approach

Four Categories of Youth;Delinquent children, status offenders, neglected children, dependent children

Delinquent Children;Youth who committed acts that would be crimes if committed by adults

Status Offenders;Youth whose behavior not criminal for adults but deemed inappropriate for children

Neglected Children;Those lacking necessary care and guidance from guardians

Dependent Children;Those whose parents are unable to provide for them

Overwhelming Caseloads;High volume of cases compromised ability to provide individualized attention and treatment

Routinized Control;Standardized procedures didn't account for unique circumstances of each child

Out-of-Home Placements;Youth placed in institutions rather than receiving promised community-based support and rehabilitation

Goals vs Practice Gap;Significant difference between stated goals of individualized treatment and actual routine practices

Cultural and Racial Biases;Juvenile court system perpetuated existing biases against marginalized groups leading to unequal treatment

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BONUS SET: ESSAY QUESTION PREPARATION

How did close-knit colonial communities influence punishment practices?;Close-knit nature fostered informal social control where community members monitored behavior, making public punishments common as deviations couldn't be hidden, leading to collective response to maintain order

What role did ideology play in shaping views on crime and punishment?;Ideology, particularly religious beliefs and moral codes, shaped views by seeing crime as sin against God and community, justifying harsh punishments as necessary for moral correction and societal order

How did punishment serve as social control?;Punishment reinforced community norms through public displays like whippings and shaming, designed to deter others and maintain collective moral fabric as warning about consequences of deviance

How did crime perception evolve during transition period?;Evolved from seeing crime as sin needing moral correction to complex understanding considering rehabilitation, influenced by Industrial Revolution and American Revolution ideas

How did urbanization influence crime perceptions in Jacksonian Era?;Rapid urbanization and immigration created social problems leading to view of crime as moral disease requiring specialized treatment and removal from disorganized society

What was the ideology of crime as moral disease?;Shaped penal reform by viewing crime as product of vice-ridden urban environment requiring treatment through structured penitentiary programs to correct moral failing

What role did reformatories play in Progressive Era?;Intended as rehabilitation institutions focusing on education and vocational training rather than punishment, aiming to transform offenders into productive society members

What were criticisms of Progressive Era reformatories?;Overcrowding, poor management, continued corporal punishment, failure to fulfill rehabilitative promises, perpetuation of violence and abuse cycles