Botany, Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

What is the ploidy of the sporophyte?

Diploid (2n)

What generation is a seed?

Sporophyte – it contains a diploid embryo

Are gametes the only haploid stage in plants?

No – the entire gametophyte (including spores and the gametophyte body) is haploid

Difference between pollination and fertilization?

Pollination = pollen transfer to stigma; fertilization = fusion of sperm and egg inside ovule

Which part of the flower receives pollen?

Stigma

What does the anther attach to?

Filament

Where are petals

sepals

What is the micropyle?

Pore in ovule integument that allows pollen tube entry

Seeds are formed from which structure after fertilization?

Ovule

Where does fertilization occur in a flower?

Inside the ovule

Main difference between corn seed and lima bean seed?

Corn (monocot) has endosperm as main food store; lima bean (dicot) stores food in two cotyledons

Two ways to tell monocot from dicot flower?

1) Monocot parts in multiples of 3

What distinguishes a hesperidium from a pepo?

Hesperidium = leathery rind with oil glands (citrus); Pepo = hard thick rind (squash

Difference between multiple and aggregate fruit?

Multiple = many flowers fused (pineapple); Aggregate = many pistils of one flower (raspberry

Achene vs. Grain (caryopsis)?

Achene: seed coat not fused to ovary wall; Grain: seed coat fused to ovary wall

Peach vs. beech nut – both single‑seeded

why different fruit types?

Which fruit types come from more than one pistil?

Aggregate fruits and multiple fruits

Strawberry has many pistils on one receptacle – fruit type?

Aggregate fruit (actually aggregate of achenes on fleshy receptacle)

Dry

indehiscent fruit with a wing?

Dry

dehiscent fruit that splits along one seam?

Example of multiple fruit and aggregate fruit?

Multiple = pineapple; Aggregate = raspberry

Why are gymnosperms called "naked seeds"?

Seeds are not enclosed in an ovary (fruit)

Four major gymnosperm phyla?

Pinophyta

Adaptive advantages of seeds?

Protection (seed coat)

In conifers

microspores develop into what?

How does pollen reach the nucellus in conifers?

Through the micropyle

Dominant generation in gymnosperms and angiosperms?

Sporophyte

Seed coat is derived from?

Integument of the ovule

Monoecious vs. dioecious?

Monoecious = unisexual flowers on same plant; Dioecious = male and female on separate plants

What is double fertilization and where does it occur?

Fusion of one sperm with egg (→ embryo 2n) and second sperm with two polar nuclei (→ endosperm 3n); unique to angiosperms

Products of double fertilization?

Embryo (2n) and endosperm (3n)

What is a perfect flower?

Flower that has both stamens and pistils

What part of the flower is triploid (3n) in nature?

Endosperm

Where is pollen produced?

Anther

If floral parts attach above the ovary

the ovary is?

Male gametophyte in seed plants?

Pollen grain

After fertilization

ovary becomes ____ and ovule becomes ____?

What is a fruit botanically?

A mature ovary that aids in seed protection and dispersal

Two monocot characteristics?

Floral parts in multiples of 3; one cotyledon; parallel leaf veins (any two)

Give an example of a drupe?

Peach

Give an example of a hesperidium?

Orange

Give an example of a pepo?

Pumpkin

How many seams does a follicle split open?

One seam

How many seams does a legume split open?

Two seams

What is the key difference between achene and grain?

Achene: seed coat free from ovary wall; Grain: seed coat fused to ovary wall

Flowering plants belong to which phylum?

Magnoliophyta

What does "gymnosperm" literally mean?

Naked seed

Which group undergoes double fertilization?

Angiosperms only

What is the receptacle?

The part of the flower that attaches all floral organs

What happens first – pollination or pollen tube formation?

Pollination

A flower with only stamens is called?

Imperfect or staminate

What does the integument become in a seed?

Seed coat