Menstrual Cycle and Hormonal Regulation

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to the menstrual cycle, hormonal regulation, and related physiologic processes.

Menstruation

The monthly shedding of the uterine lining, marking the start and end of the menstrual cycle.

Menopause

The naturally occurring cessation of menstrual cycles.

Ovulation

The release of an ovum from its follicle in the ovary, occurring around day 14 of a typical menstrual cycle.

Corpus luteum

A temporary endocrine gland formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation; secretes progesterone.

Progesterone

A hormone secreted by the corpus luteum that induces swelling and increased secretion of the endometrium.

GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

Secreted by the hypothalamus; regulates the release of FSH and LH.

FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)

Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland; stimulates the growth and maturation of follicles in the ovary.

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland; triggers ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum.

Menarche

The first menstrual period of a female adolescent, typically occurring around age 12.4 in the United States.

Proliferative phase

The phase of the endometrial cycle where the endometrial lining thickens in response to estrogen.

Secretory phase

The phase that begins at ovulation, involving thickening and vascularization of the endometrium for possible implantation.

Ischemic phase

Occurs if fertilization does not happen; leads to the degeneration of the corpus luteum and shedding of the endometrium.

Mittelschmerz

Midcycle pain that some females experience around the time of ovulation.

Key hormones involved in menstrual cycle

GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, and prostaglandins.

Basal body temperature

A slight increase in temperature that occurs after ovulation, indicating hormonal changes.

Cervical mucus

Changes during ovulation to become thin, clear, stretchy, and slippery to aid sperm in fertilization.