bio molec

Substitution mutation

One base is replaced by another in DNA

Insertion mutation

Extra bases are added into DNA

Deletion mutation

Bases are removed from DNA

Translocation mutation

A DNA segment moves to a different chromosome

Inversion mutation

A section of DNA is reversed

Missense mutation

One amino acid is changed

Nonsense mutation

A stop codon forms early

Frameshift mutation

The reading frame shifts, changing many amino acids

Silent mutation

No change in amino acid

Hox genes function

Control body layout during development

Hox gene mutation effect

Body parts form in the wrong places

CRISPR

A tool that cuts DNA at specific locations

CRISPR uses

Treat diseases, improve crops, and study genes

Griffith discovery

A transforming factor can transfer traits between bacteria

Griffith independent variable

Type of bacteria used

Griffith dependent variable

Whether mice lived or died

Avery conclusion

DNA is the genetic material

Avery independent variable

Molecule destroyed (DNA protein or RNA)

Avery dependent variable

Whether transformation occurred

Hershey and Chase conclusion

DNA is genetic material not protein

Hershey and Chase independent variable

DNA vs protein labeled

Hershey and Chase dependent variable

What entered the bacteria

Chargaff discovery

A equals T and C equals G

Chargaff importance

Showed base pairing rules

Franklin contribution

Took X ray images of DNA

Franklin importance

Showed DNA is a helix

Watson and Crick discovery

Double helix structure of DNA

Watson and Crick method

Used Chargaff’s rules and Franklin’s data