Exam 4 - PSY 361

Ages for Middle Childhood

6-12

Growth in inches and lbs per year

2 inches and 7.5 lbs

Secular trend in physical growth

successive generation over the past 150 years grow taller than the previous one due to improved health and nutrition

3 changes in 3 aspects of brain structure with age

1. total surface cortical area expands at age 3 and onward, reaches peak at 10 years in many areas of the brain, and slightly declines in adolescence

2. cortical thickness slightly declines btwn 3 and 20 years in all areas of the brain

3. white matter fiber tract has its independent growth pattern

Large-scale functional neural networks

regions in the areas of the brain has stronger connectivity within networks than between networks

What does fMRI scans detect?

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent signals of the brain

detects rising oxygen levels in blood in cognitive effort

Resting state fMRI

procedures that measures of the flutuations of oxygen use over a long period of time, helps maps on large-scale functional neural networks

What delays maturation of the brain?

Selective experiences of poverty

ADHD

characterizes by inattention and hyperactivity-impulistivity

Inattention

not paying close attention to details, making careless mistakes, failure to complete tasks, diffculty organizing tasks

Hyperactivity impulsitvity

interrupting or intruding on conversations, games or any organized activites, excessive locomotion, fidgeting, and talking

ADHD is co-morbid with

other common childhood disorders including dyslexia, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and anxiety and depressive disorders

Subtypes

ADHD-I (predominately inattentiveness), ADHD-HI (predominately hyperactivity-impulsivity), ADHD-C (combined types)

Diagnoses requires

symptoms occur in more than one environment

symptoms occur more than 6 months

rating forms completed by teachers or parents (i.e. Conners, CBCL

Impairements

organizaitonal, academics, functionality, social

Symptoms of ADHD-I

inability to consistently focus (selective attention), unable to manage simultaneous stimuli and shift from one task to another, focuses on irrelevant information, easily distracted

central problems: control and self-regulation

Symptoms of ADHD-HI

rude, careless, accident-prone, disorganized,

Genes and Environment

ADHD is inherited from family and scientists are targeting several candiate genes such as varient genes such as DRD4 dopamine receptor genes

fetal alcohol exposure, environmental lead exposure, and maternal smoking while preganant

Cognitive deficits

deficits or delays in developmental brain’s external functioning system and combined neuropsychological deficits

certain areas of the brain such as prefrontal cortex in children with ADHD that is too small or less functional

Other possible deficits: delay aversion, exectutive functioning, emotional regulation, state dysregulation

Interventions

Medications (adderall, ritalin, concreta): reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity and focus more on school work and positive interactions with kids

Psychotherapy or behavioral management: minimizes behavioral problems and increase executive functioning, focus on strenghts and promoting change through reinforcement

Dynamic Systems Theory place emphasis, regarding motion, on

motivation, brain maturation, movement capacities, and opprotunites to practice

How long do adolescents need to engage in moderate to viagorous activity?

60 minutes

What has recent years revealed about physical activity?

reduced engagement in physical activity

When are children most active?

in middle childhood

Pediatric Inactivity Triad

3 barriers in physical activity including insufficent cardiovascular fitness (excerise deficit disorder), insufficent levels of muscle strength (pediatric dynapenia), lack of knowledge and motivation to engage in physical activity (physical illteracy)

Children’s motive for sports

testing abilities, learning new skills, excitement, having fun, personal accomplishment

Argument of Specialization

power law of practice, rule of 10+ years, required from certain sports

Argument of Diversification

consistent performances, long-standing interests, less injuries

Myopia

nearsightedness; variaitions of growth in the eye that causes the lens to focus image in front of the retina instead of exactly at the retina

Which has less problems in middle childhood: hearing or vision?

Hearing

What lower the risk of myopia?

going outside frequently

Recommended hours of lseep

9-11

3 primary sources of knowledge about illness

science education, cultural learning, intuitive biology

Children understand preventative behaviors of illnesses as early as

preschool

Unintentional injuries

one of the leading cause of death in ages 1 to 4 and 5 to 14

Motor Vehicle Accidents

frequent source of fatalities at 1 to 4

Overweight vs. obese

BMI above 95th percentile vs. BMI in 85th to 95th percentile

What lifestyle do people lead more presently?

Sedentary

Contributers to rising rates of obesity

frequent dining at fast food which contains carbohydrates and fat; it is convient for families

Consequences of obesity

chronic illnesses, poor sleep, low body image and self-esteem, obesity in adulthood, exclusion and teasing by peers

Weight bias

negative weight-related beliefs and attitudes towards people who are obese and overweight

Concrete Operational Stage Ages

7-11

Limits in Concrete Operational

inability to think abstractally and hypothetically (i.e. “if you get good grades, you can get into a college for the future”)

limited to concrete, tangible objects and events (can not understand why they can not get objects with a reason when promised)

Abilites

less egocentric, think logically about concrete objects and events, can understand conversation, can perform operation on concrete objects

Concrete operations

systematic mental rules or procedures that are reversible

Class inclusion: subordinate (i.e. dog) and superordinate (i.e. animals) relate

Seriation

ordering objects along its quantitive dimensions such as length and size

Transitvity

the ability to reason about the relations between objects in serial ordering (i.e. 3>2, 2>1, 3>1)

Egocentric frame of reference

naviagating based on the location of the object and landmark realitive to the viewer’s position

Allocentric Frame of reference

navigative locations based on other object and landmarks independent of viewer’s position

Cognitive map

encoding, route knowledge, transitioning to allocentric frame

Spatial skills

adapting your body to the environment

Performance may result from gradual shift in

informational-processing, knowledge and practice

Performance is dependent on

familiarity with materials

Executive control

working memory, inhibiting responses, shfiting mental tasks

When do processing speed increase rapidly until?

mid-adolescense

Improvements of processing speed

complex thinking, working memory and attention

3-Stage Memory Model

Maintenance rehearsal

repeating information to keep it in working memory

Elaborative rehearsal

building on from what you learned

linking new information to previously learned information creating deep levels of processing

Working Memory

seen as a workspace within the mind that carries out operations, stores information, and make decisions on a moment-to-moment basis

Baddley’s Influential Model

sees working memory as a limited storage capacity that holds information temporaily active to problem solve and think

4 Components of working memory

Center Executive

Visuospatial Sketching: holds spatial and visual information

Phonological looping: holds articulated sounds

Episiodic buffer: temporarily recounts events based on spatial, visual and auditory information

Semantic memory

a vast wide network of connections between concepts that includes words as well as themes

Consolidation

securing new information into storage

Memory Strategies

Rehersal: maintenance and elaborative

Organization: Acronym, method of loci, hierarchies

Metamemory: knowledge about memory

Meta-communication: meaning behind what someone says

Retrieval cues and types

cue or prompt that helps stimulate recall or retrieval of stored piece of information from long-term memory

Recall, recognition, elaborative rehersal, and priming

Recall vs. Recognition

rely on nonspecific cues (i.e. essay tests) vs. rely on specific cues (i.e. multiple-choice tests)

Priming

prior exposure to stimulus helps facilitate or indicate the processing of new information, with no unconsious memory of initial learning and storage

Encoding specificity Principles and types

retrieval of information is improved when the context of recovery is similiar to the context of the endcoding

Context-dependent memory (i.e. recalling information when sitting in a specific classroom)

Mood congruence (i.e. when partner makes you mad, you recount all the time they made you mad)

State-dependent memory (i.e. if you learned a joke while drunk, you will probably rememeber in that state of drunkness)

Acronym Method

Using the first letters of a stack of information you want to rememeber and create a code word (i.e. PEMDAS)

Method of Loci

Ex. remembering a speech by breaking it into parts and associating them with location such as justice with a courthouse by the garden where he practices the speech

Digit vs. Reverse span task

remebering a set of number forward vs. remembering a set of number backwards

Intellectual disability

a delay in cognitive development

otherwise known as mental re***dation

needs an IQ score of 70 or lower and adaptive behavior deficit before 18

Adaptive behavior deficit

inability to perform daily living tasks

Who performed the first intelligence test?

Alber Binet

What intelligence is most widely used today?

Weschler scale

General Intelligence

(g) identifies intelligence as a single entitiy

Hierarchical model of intelligence

general intelligence at the top, specific abilities in the middle, and individual skill at the bottom

Intelligence Quotient

forms normal distributive across populations

Limits of IQ

only measures cognitive skills, scores can fluctuate, not true for non-White and low-income

Twin/adoption studies on intelligence

50 percent of vaired intelligence is heritable, 25 percent is from shared environment, and 25 percent is from nonshared environment

Intellectually gifted

IQ score of 130 or higher or is highly creative and talented in one or more specific domains

Inclusion

spend most of the day in regular classroom with the assistance of instructor aid and part of the day in special education class in a small-group instruction with special education teachers

Rates of inclusion

60 percent spent 80 percent in regular classroom, 20 percent spent 40-80 percent, 14 percent spent less than 40

8 Distinct Kind of Intelligence

Visual-spatial, music, bodily kinesthetic, naturalistic, linguistic, logico-mathematical, intrapersonal, interpersonal

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence

Analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence

Prevelance of developmental language disorder

7 to 10 percent of children entering kindergarten

Metalinguistic awareness

ability to reflect on language (i.e. puns, knowing to stay quiet in the library)

English language learners

needing assistance in learning english

Substractive bilingual model

recieving instruction only in english (offering english as a second language)

bilingual educational approaches

recieving instruction in both languages

Additive bilingual models

prioritizing learning both first and second languages

Linguistic interdependence hypothesis

profeiencey in one language is transfered to second language competency (i.e. reading skills)

Reading comprehension: bridging inferences

information from one sentences or compound of a sentence is connected to another (i.e. The bridge collasped. The wood was rotten: the wood made the bridge collasped)

Elaborative inferences

adding optional details beyond what is written on the text (i.e. "The director and the cameraman were ready to shoot closeups when suddenly the actress fell from the 14th story." -> The actress died (or is severely injured).

Create meaning through situational model

memory representations that holds information presented in written text, inferences, and overall interpretation of events, while losing some of the detailed wording of sentences

Self-teaching mechanism

repeating phonological decoding to transition to sight-word recognition

Whole language approach

assumes child learns how to read naturally

uses meaningful text

has children read whole, interesting books early on

Phonics approach

assumes children need basic decoding skills first

teaches pattern recognition

uses worksheets

5 stages of compositional skills

Planning, drafting, revising, editing, publishing