History

French Revolution

uprising against monarchy

Causes of the French Revolution

taxes, inequality, debt

France’s economic crisis

debt, bankruptcy

Old Regime

old social system

Louis XVI

French king

Tennis Court Oath

promise for constitution

Storming of the Bastille

start of revolution

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

rights, equality

Reign of Terror

mass executions

Robespierre

leader of Terror

Napoleon

French military ruler

Coup d’état

takeover of government

Napoleonic Code

law code

Continental System

trade blockade

Peninsular War

war in Spain

Battle of Waterloo

Napoleon defeated

Congress of Vienna

restore balance

Conservatives

keep traditions

Liberals

support freedoms

Radicals

major change

Industrial Revolution

machine-based production

Agricultural revolution Enclosure Movement

better farming, enclosed land

England

birthplace of industrialization

Textiles

cloth production

Cottage industry vs factory system

home work vs machine factories

George Stephenson

steam locomotive

Urbanization

growth of cities

Spread of industrialization

factories expand worldwide

Industrial Rev. shifts the world balance of power Asia and Africa

Europe gains power

Laissez-faire

little government control

Adam Smith

capitalism supporter

Capitalism

private ownership, profit

Socialism

shared ownership

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

communist thinkers

Bourgeoisie Proletariat

owners and workers

Unions

worker organizations

Collective bargaining

negotiate for workers

Strikes

work stoppages for demands

Nationalism

pride in nation

Independence of Greece

freedom from Ottoman rule

European Revolutions of 1830 & 1848

demands for change

Risorgimento

Italian unification

Bismarck

German unification leader

Realpolitik

practical politics

Franco-Prussian War

France defeated by Prussia

Kaiser

German emperor

Imperialism

one nation controls another

Cultural imperialism

spreading culture

New Imperialism

rapid empire expansion

Direct vs indirect imperialism

direct rule vs local rule

Protectorate

local rulers under control

Motives for imperialism

power, resources, markets

Social Darwinism White Man’s Burden

justify imperialism

Scramble for Africa

race for African colonies

Belgian Congo

colony exploited by Belgium

Berlin Conference

divided Africa

Sepoy Mutiny

Indian revolt against Britain

Geopolitics

power based on location

Suez Canal

shortcut between seas

Crimean War

Russia vs Ottoman allies

The Opium Wars

Britain and China conflict

Treaty of Nanjing

China gives concessions

Extraterritoriality

foreigners follow own laws

Open Door Notes

equal trade in China

Boxer Rebellion

anti-foreigner uprising

Russo-Japanese War

Japan defeats Russia

Militarism

building military strength

Alliance system

countries promise support

Imperialism

control of other lands

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

assassination sparked WWI

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary allies

Allied Powers

Britain, France, Russia allies

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's attack strategy

Trench Warfare

fighting from trenches

Total War

whole society supports war

Conscription

military draft

Mobilization

preparing for war

Propaganda

information to influence people

Women’s efforts

worked in factories, support roles

Unrestricted submarine warfare

attack all ships

Lusitania

ship sunk by Germany

Zimmerman Telegram

Germany's message to Mexico

Armistice

agreement to stop fighting

Fourteen Points

Wilson's peace plan

Paris Peace Conference

meeting after WWI

Treaty of Versailles

ended WWI

League of Nations

international peace organization

Russian Revolution

overthrow of Russian government

Bolsheviks

communist revolutionaries

Lenin

Bolshevik leader

Soviets

workers' councils

Grigori Rasputin

adviser to royal family

Armenian Genocide

mass killing of Armenians

Mandate System

territories controlled by powers

Balfour Declaration

support for Jewish homeland

Kemal Ataturk

founder of modern Turkey

Shah Reza Pahlavi

modernized Iran

Mao Zedong

Chinese communist leader

Long March

communist retreat in China

Mohandas Gandhi

Indian independence leader