Dr. Pam Turner NCE Study Guide

Daniel Levinson - Identified 3 Major major transitions/times occurring between four major

eras of life:

a. early adult transition (17 to 22)

b. mid-life transition (40 to 45)

c. late adult transition (60 to 65).

Daniel Levinson stated adults cope with 3 developmental tasks:

a. build, modify, and enhance life structure

b. form and modify single components of the life structure such

as: life dream, occupation, love-marriage, family relationships,

mentor, and forming mutual relationships

c. tasks to become more individuated.

Levinson believed that most men experience

a midlife crisis - age 40-45

William Perry developed a scheme for intellectual development and ethical development.

3 General Categories and 9 Positions

A. Dualism

B. Relativism is Discovered

C. Commitment in Relativism

Nancy Chodorow was one of the first to speak out against the masculine bias

Found in psychoanalytic

In Toward a New Psychology of Women, Jean Baker Miller indicated that a large part of women's lives has been spent helping others develop emotionally,

intellectually, and socially.

"Caretaking" concept

Judith Jordan developed the Self-in-Relation Theory.

Now known as relational-cultural theory.

a. people grow toward relationships

b. mature functioning is characterized by mutuality

c. psychological growth is characterized by involvement in complex and

diversified relational networks

d. mutual empathy and empowerment are at the core

e. growth-fostering relationships require engagements to be authentic

f. growth-fostering relationships stimulate change

g. goals of development are characterized by an increasing ability to name

and resist disconnections, sources of oppression, and obstacles to mutual

relationships

Harriet Lerner wrote The Dance of Intimacy

Women needed to

re-evaluate their intimate relationships and choose a healthier balance between other-oriented and self-absorption

Carol Tavris

Society pathologizes women

Different gender perceptions based on roles

Gail Sheehy

Passages: Predictable Crises of Adult Life

Transitional periods between life stages

Adaptive Thinking or Action

Developed by Piaget - concept for intelligence

General Intelligence (g factor) and special intelligence (s factor)

Charles Spearman

Primary Mental Abilities

Louis Thurstone;

individuals have seven primary mental abilities that make up intelligence,

Daniel Goleman

Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

Propinquity

proximity, nearness;

Choose relationships based on proximal distance

One-dimensional Causal Models

this model assumes that a disorder is caused by one factor

such as a chemical imbalance.

NOT supported by research

Multidimensional Causal Model

a disorder is caused by the

interaction of several factors and dimensions.

Symptoms or Traits may be Ego-Dystonic or Ego-Syntonic

Ego-Dystonic: Symptoms are unacceptable or undesirable

Ego-Syntonic - Symptoms and Traits are perceived as acceptable

A formal mental status exam

covers the following five areas:

a. appearance and behavior

b. thought processes

c. mood and affect

d. intellectual functioning

e. sensorium

Sensorium refers to

awareness of place, time, and person

Projective Tests

Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test,

Incomplete Sentences Blank

Personality Tests

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

Inventory (MMPI),

California Psychological Inventory

Intelligence Tests

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - IV

Neuropsychological Assessment

Measure brain dysfunctions

Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery: measures organic damage

and location of such injury.

Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test: often used with children, and can

measure brain dysfunction.

DSM-5 changes include

1) relies on dimensional assessments, not categorical descriptions

of disorders.

2)focus for identifying disorders is on pathophysiological origins - a

biological orientation.

3) Use of V Codes - not attributable to a mental disorder but are

important to intervention efforts

Depressive Disorders

1) do not contain any disorders related to mania.

2) Bereavement has been excluded as part of a major depressive episode.

3) two most effective psychotherapeutic interventions appear

to be cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal therapy.

Bipolar and Related Disorders

Mania and hypomania criteria focus on changes in energy and activity.

Mood-stabilizing medication and psychotherapy are the typical

recommended treatments.

Anxiety Disorders

Comorbidity with depressive disorders is common

have an early-age onset and suicide risk assessment

is important.

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

Treatment approaches for obsessive-compulsive disorders involve a

combination of psychopharmacologic treatment and psychotherapy.

Gender dysphoria in children, adolescents, and adults

Although not listed as a

disorder, being included in the DSM-5 will make such medical intervention more likely than if it was not included in the DSM.

Family Therapy and Individual therapy are treatment recommendations for support

Substance-related and addictive disorders

over 22

million individuals reporting use.

The concepts of abuse and dependence are no

longer included in the diagnosis.

Severity can be specified as

mild, moderate and severe.

Gambling disorder

has similar neurochemical brain responses

and risk-taking behavior and substance abuse disorders

Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders

Parent/family interventions may be the treatment of choice together with the

appropriate psychopharmacological interventions.

CBT can help clients modify cognitive distortions and

develop problem-solving skills.

Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive D.O

Neurodevelopmental

disorders typically begin in childhood

Neurocognitive disorders may

be more prevalent later in life

Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

characterized by one or more of the following five

symptom classes: 1)delusions, 2)hallucinations, 3)disorganized thinking,

4)disorganized or abnormal motor behavior

5) negative symptoms.

CBT, psychoeducation and family

intervention and support may be appropriate.

Dissociative Disorders

Comorbidity, especially with depressive, anxiety, and substance use may be

signals for the counselor to be alert to self-injurious and suicidal behavior.

The five types of dissociation are: 1)depersonalization, 2)derealization,

3)amnesia

4)identity confusion, 5)identity alteration.

Somatic Symptoms and Related

a. Somatic symptom disorder

b. Illness anxiety disorder

c. Conversion disorder

Personality Disorders

persistent maladaptive patterns of

behavior, affect, cognition and interpersonal functioning.

By the year 2050, all the minority groups will be larger than non-Hispanic whites - TRUE or FALSE?

True

Characteristics of Generation X (baby busters)

seeking stimulation, wanting the facts -- the right answers, wanting exciting, non-boring jobs, and keeping options open

Millennials (Echo boomers Nexters, Gen Y)

are the largest living generation and follow Gen X individuals

raised to be self-confident, tech aware, goal oriented, civic minded, and multiculturally inclusive.

Over 40 percent of children are born to unmarried women and the majority of such births occur within cohabitating unions - TRUE or FALSE

True

More than 50 percent of marriages begin as cohabitations (about 6 percent of all adults) - TRUE OR FALSE

True

Women comprise about 47 percent of the labor force.

About 58% of all women are in the labor force compared to 69% of all men

People are products of 5 different cultures

1) Universal - humans are biologically alike

2) Ecological - humans are influenced by geographic locations

3) National - represents a country with one language, government, and social norms

4) Region - Specific culture within a nation

5) Racio-ethnic - Based on race and ethnicity

Cultural pluralism

Broad categories of individuals who may have special concerns and needs or seek respect, representation, and development in society

Racism

expressed on an:

a. individual basis

b. institutional basis

c. cultural basis

Disproportionality:

The process of treating some school-age children differently than others

Arthur Jensen believed that ________.

genetics was solely responsible for intelligence

Cultural Encapsulation

from Gilbert Wrenn, this term refers to:

1)the substitution of model stereotypes for the real world;

2)disregarding cultural variations-- believing in some universal notion of truth

3)use of a technique-oriented definition of the counseling process (for example, a Gestalt therapist might only use certain Gestalt techniques)

Emic Vs. Etic Worldview

Emic: understanding diversity provides perspective for clients

Etic: Global view of humanity - similarities focus

culture-bound values

individual centered,

verbal/emotional/behavioral expressiveness,

Specific communication patterns

openness and intimacy

Class-Bound Values

strict adherence to time schedules (50-minute, once or twice-a-week meeting)

ambiguous or unstructured approach to problems

seeking long-range goals or solutions.

Language Variables

use of standard English and the emphasis is on verbal communication

Five stages of development of a minority individual

1. Conformity: self-depreciation attitude and identification with the majority

2. Dissonance: current self-concept is challenged; there is a conflict between appreciating and depreciating self

3. Resistance and Immersion: accepts/endorses the minority views and rejects the majority. SELF-APPRECIATING

4. Introspection: moves from intensity of feelings from stage 3

5. Integrative Awareness: own and appreciate minority and dominant aspects

YAVIS and QUOID

Young, Attractive, Verbal, Intelligent, Successful

Quiet, Ugly, Old, Indigent, Dissimilar culturally

Characteristics of Older Adults

1) By age 60 to 70 most adults have a physical impairment

2)Some intellectual decline into the 70s is possible but not inevitable

3)Most personality traits remain stable

4) 10 percent of older adults may have depression and other mental illness

Teenage Suicide

Second leading cause of death among 10 to 34 year olds

Greatest risk exists for American Indians and Alaska Natives

suicide rates in general (not just teen) are increasing in less urban-more rural areas vs. more urban areas.

Societal Stress and Anxiety

clients are expressing and exhibiting more stress and anxiety since 2016

2/3 of the population feel stressed about the nation's future

Leon Festinger

cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory

Kubler-Ross

5 stages of dying/grief

Masters and Johnson

motivation; human sexual response—studied how both men and women respond to and in relation to sexual behavior

Human Relations Core

Identified by Carl Rogers - humanistic therapy

Social Influence Core

Stanley Strong in his social influence model

social influence theory

Individuals are likely to change their behavior according to the social environment in which they find themselves.

Skills Core

Allen Ivey identified microskills--communication skill units such as attending, inquiry, and reflection.

Theory Core (helping relationship)

Help the counselor understand self and interpersonal relationships and skills.

They also help to understand the problems of clients and help to choose interventions that are likely to be effective

Neo-Freudians

Karen Horney: security is each person's major motivation - irrational relationship repair may become neurotic needs

Erich Fromm: Inidividual must join others to develop self-fulfillment (social character)

Harry Stack Sullivan: Interpersonal approaches can lead to understanding human behavior

Object Relations Theory

Based on psychoanalytic concepts

interpersonal relationships that shape an individual's current interactions with people, both in reality and in fantasy

4 states of development in Object Relations (first 3 yr of life)

Fusion with mother

Symbiosis with mother

Separation/Individuation

Constancy of Self and Object

Margaret Mahler

Mother infant study

Separation/Individuation Theory

Psychological Birth of the Human Infant (book

Person Centered (Rogerian)

Self-actualization, unconditional positive regard, genuineness and congruence

Person's phenomenological world

Gestalt (Fritz Perls)

Existential principles. here-and-now focus.

Key concepts:

1.personal responsibility

2.unfinished business

3. awareness of the "now."

Individual Psychology (Adler and Dreikurs)

uniqueness of each individual

help the client understand lifestyle and identify appropriate social and community interests.

life histories, homework assignments, and paradoxical intentions

Transactional Analysis (Eric Berne)

three ego states: Parent, Adult, and Child

Life script influences behavior

Complementary transactions (TA)

Adult to Adult

Crossed transactions (TA)

Adult to Child & Child to Parent

Lead to barriers to communication.

Existential (Rollo May, Victor Frankl, Irvin Yalom)

Phenomenology is the basis of existential therapy.

Phenomenology is the study of our direct experiences taken at their face value.

Anxiety and guilt are central concepts

Logotherapy

Victor Frankl's counseling theory

1. Motivation to find meaning in their life journey

2. Freedom to choose what they do, think and how they react

3. with freedom of choice comes personal responsibility

Cognitive andb Behavioral Counselinf

Leading proponents:

J. Wolpe, D. Meichenbaum, A. Beck, A. Bandura

Basis of theory: stimulus-response and stimulus-organism-response paradigms

DBT

Marsha Linehan developed this therapeutic approach for the treatment of borderline personality disorder.

BASIC PRINCIPLE: helping clients increase emotional and cognitive regulation

Is DBT a long-term or short term intervention?

Long-term

4 Modules for DBT

1. Mindfulness

2. Distress Tolerance

3. Interpersonal Effectiveness

4. Emotion Regulation

DBT Tools

Diary cards (track behaviors), Chain analysis, and milieu or culture for client's group

REBT (Ellis)

Philosophy: it is not the events we experience that influence us, but rather it is our interpretation of those events

Self=talk and Belief system are major concepts

Multimodal therapy (Arnold Lazarus)

even interactive yet discrete modalities - BASIC ID

B - Behaviors

A- Affective Responses

S - Sensation

I - Images

C- Cognitions

I - Interpersonal Relationships

D- Drugs (biology)

Reality therapy (William Glasser)

Based on Choice Theory

Individuals determine their own fate

Perceptions control behavior

5 Genetically Based needs of Reality Therapy

survival

love and belonging`` power or achievement, freedom or independence

fun

Robert Wubbolding

WDEP system

W - explore clients' wants

D - encourage discussion

E - Self-Evaluation of behaviors

P - Planning for change

Feminist Therapy

basic principles of feminine psychology

1. the personal is political and critical consciousness

2. commitment to social change

3. . women's and girls' voices and ways of knowing are valued and their experiences are honored

4. the counseling relationship is egalitarian (client is expert)

5. focus on strengths & reformulated definition of psychological distress

6. all types of oppression are recognized along with the connections among them

Relational-cultural theory

Human growth develops in connection with others rather than through separation and individuation.

Connections are central

Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT)

does not address the history or past experience

One focus is to maintain a positive orientation

a. Exceptions Questions

b. Miracle Question

c. Scaling Question (1-10)

Intermittent Counseling

A client sees a counselor on and off as problems arise sometimes over several years

Narrative Therapy

philosophical basis is social constructionism

reality is based on the language and words

Narrative Therapy Techniques

1. Questions and clarifications

2. Externalization and deconstruction

3. Re-authoring

4. Documenting evidence through writing letters

Integrative Counseling

goes beyond eclectic counseling -

Triune Model of the Brain

1. Surviving Brain (fight/flight brain stem)

2. Feeling Brain (limbic system - emotions)

3. Thinking Brain (cortex - executive functions and self-awareness)

Research suggests that cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) promotes cognitive restructuring useful in working with clients who have experienced trauma such as PTSD - TRUE OR FALSE

True

When is biofeedback used?

sleep D.O, anxiety attacks, phobias, migraines

Ivey, D'Andrea and Ivey

most counseling relationships foster the development of new neurons and neural networks

Robert Carkhuff

5 point scales for counselor traits

1. Does not attend to or detracts from client affect

2. Subtracts noticeably from client affect

3. Interchangeable with client content and affect

4. Adds noticeable to client's affect

5. Adds significantly to clients affect