World History II SOL Full Review

The, Renaissance was the revival of classical learning following the Middle Ages - it literally means ...

Rebirth

This intellectual movement, based on the study of classical knowledge, began in the 1300s in the Italian city-states

The Renaissance

This author of Praise of Folly was the most famous of the northern humanists

Erasmus

This Renaissance artist was responsible for such paintings as the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper

Leonardo da Vinci

This Renaissance painter and sculptor produced the statue of David and painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling

Michelangelo

One of the causes of the Protestant Reformation was the church's sale of these documents reducing one's time in Purgatory

Indulgences

This Protestant reformer was the first to teach that salvation was achieved through faith alone, not good works

Martin Luther

Martin Luther taught that all true Christian teaching must be based upon this book

The Bible

Martin Luther supposedly posted this famous set of arguments against the sale of indulgences on October 31, 1517

The 95 Theses

This was John Calvin's teaching that God had decided whether a person would achieve salvation before they had even lived their life

Predestination

In the 1530s this English king broke from the Catholic Church when it refused to annul his marriage

Henry VIII

In 1588 the forces of Queen Elizabeth won a great victory over this force that sought to invade England

The Spanish Armada

During the Protestant Reformation in the Holy Roman Empire, this ruling family continued to support the Catholic Church

The Habsburgs

In 1598 French Protestants (Huguenots) were granted religious toleration in this edict issued by Henry IV

The Edict of Nantes

During the Thirty Years' War this de facto ruler of France placed politics before religion and supported the Protestant forces

Cardinal Richelieu

During the late 16th century, this series of meetings of the leaders of the Catholic Church upheld most of the doctrine and practices that were rejected by the Protestants

The Council of Trent

This body within the Catholic Church was responsible for upholding church discipline and investigating heresy

The Inquisition

During the Counter Reformation this organization was founded by Ignatius Loyola to uphold and spread Catholic teachings

The Society of Jesus (the Jesuits)

This man's invention from the 1450s encouraged the growth of literacy and helped spread the ideas of the Reformation and Renaissance

Gutenberg

This term refers to the everyday language spoken by the people, into which the Bible was translated in Protestant regions

Vernacular

During the 1400s this member of the Portuguese royal family was a key sponsor of exploration along the African coast

Prince Henry the Navigator

In 1498 this Portuguese explorer was the first to round Africa and reach India

Vasco da Gama

In 1492 this explorer crossed the Atlantic and began claiming parts of the New World for Spain

Christopher Columbus

In 1521 the conquistador conquered the Aztec Empire in modern-day Mexico

Hernando Cortez

In the 1530s this Spanish explorer conquered the Incan Empire in modern-day Peru

Francisco Pizarro

This man, who sailed for Spain, is credited with leading the first expedition to successfully circumnavigate the globe

Ferdinand Magellan

These were the three most important goods that European traders acquired in Africa

Gold, Slaves, Ivory

These were the two most important additions to their diet acquired by Europeans in the New World

Corn, Potatoes

European plantations in the New World growing cash crops like sugar increasingly came to rely on these people for their labor supply

Slaves

These are the primary new species of livestock introduced in the New World by Europeans

Horses, Cows, Pigs, Sheep

This European disease introduced by explorers to the New World was probably responsible for killing more Native Americans than any other

Smallpox

This term refers to the network of trade routes that connected Africa, the Americas, and Europe

Triangular Trade

The Ottoman Empire spread this religion in the areas it conquered

Islam

The heartland of the Ottoman Empire was this modern country

Turkey

Constantinople was not formally renamed this by the Turks until 1923

Istanbul

Under this set of economic practices, European countries sought to make themselves more self-sufficient so that they would not have to import foreign goods

Mercantilism

Under mercantilism, European countries competed to acquire these sources of raw materials and markets so that they would be more self-sufficient

Colonies

Under mercantilism, it was believed that colonies existed to serve the interests of the ...

Mother Country

In 1543 this European astronomer published his book proposing a heliocentric model for the solar system

Copernicus

This German astronomer discovered his laws of planetary motion (e.g. elliptical orbits) in the early 1600s

Johannes Kepler

In the 1600s this astronomer used his improved version of the telescope to discover new evidence supporting the heliocentric theory

Galileo Galilei

This English genius proposed three Laws of Motion and the Law of Universal Gravitation, stating that every object in the universe is attracted to every other object

Isaac Newton

This Englishman is responsible for discovering in the 1600s that the heart is responsible for the circulation of the blood

William Harvey

This European monarch used the palace of Versailles to promote absolutism and the idea of divine right

Louis XIV

According to this theory, European kings were chosen by and were only responsible to God

Divine Right

This term refers to those European monarchs who sought, through methods like divine right theory, to concentrate more power in their hands

Absolute monarchs

This Russian tsar of the 16th and 17th centuries is remembered primarily for his concerted efforts to westernize his country

Peter the Great

Following the English Civil War, this leader of the parliamentary forces ensured that King Charles I was executed

Oliver Cromwell

At the end of the English Civil War, this defeated king was executed

Charles I

When Oliver Cromwell died, his Commonwealth came to an end and England placed this son of Charles I on the throne, thus restoring the Stuart monarchy

Charles II

In this 1688 event, William and Mary became the English monarchs and parliamentary supremacy over the monarchy was established

Glorious Revolution

When William and Mary were invited to become the rulers of England in 1688, they accepted the terms of this document, which ensured that the powers of Parliament would be respected

English Bill of Rights

This intellectual movement of the 18th century applies the methods of the Scientific Revolution to society

The Enlightenment

In his work Leviathan, this English thinker argued that man had left the violent and chaotic state of nature for his own protection

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke argued that people establish governments in order to better ensure the protection of these three rights:

Life, Liberty, and Property

This Enlightenment thinker argued that the best government is one in which power is separated among several branches, so that no one person or institution becomes too powerful

Montesquieu

Rousseau and other Enlightenment thinkers used this term to refer to the theoretical agreement in which people entrust their governments with the power to rule

The Social Contract

This Enlightenment thinker was the most famous opponent of religious fanaticism and intolerance, arguing for separation of church and state

Voltaire

The ideas of the Enlightenment directly inspired these two late-18th-century revolutions

The American and French Revolutions

One of the key events of the French Revolution was the storming of this prison by Parisian mobs on July 14, 1789

The Bastille

Following the French Revolution, this French military officer succeeded in establishing himself as the emperor of the country

Napoleon

The French Revolution brought an end to the absolute monarchy (and life) of this French king

Louis XVI

The French Revolution culminated in this radical period in which thousands of Frenchmen were executed for supposedly being enemies of the revolution

The Reign of Terror

The economies of the New World colonies established by Spain were driven largely by the mining and export of these two precious metals

Gold and silver

Inspired by the French Revolution, the slaves of this French colony revolted, abolished slavery, and succeeded in establishing an independent country

Haiti

In the early 19th century this Frenchman unsuccessfully sought to unite Europe under his dominion

Napoleon

Napoleon is responsible for the creation of this simplified set of laws for France that protected private property and granted equal rights to all men

The Napoleonic Code

The conquests of Napoleon across Europe resulted in the spread of these two ideologies:

Liberalism and Nationalism

This 1815 peace conference following the defeat of Napoleon sought to restore the legitimate, hereditary monarchs of Europe

The Congress of Vienna

The 1815 Congress of Vienna was dominated by this ideology, which sought to maintain order, tradition, and institutions like monarchies, the nobility, and the church

Conservatism

The Congress of Vienna was guided by this principle, which seeks to prevent any one country from becoming strong enough to dominate every other country

Balance of Power

In this year in the mid-19th century, Europe experienced a wave of largely unsuccessful liberal and nationalist revolutions

1848

During the 19th century this country, generally the most liberal in Europe, outlawed slavery and gradually extended the vote to more of its population

England (The United Kingdom)

This prime minister of Piedmont presided over the unification of Italy in 1850s and 60s

Count Camillo Cavour

This Italian nationalist was responsible for conquering and uniting southern Italy with northern Italy during the unification process

Giuseppe Garibaldi

One of the last steps in Italian unification was the acquisition by Italy of these territories long ruled by the pope

The Papal States

This Prussian statesman was largely responsible for the unification of Germany in 1871

Otto von Bismarck

This term, which refers to the use of any means to achieve and hold power, is most associated with Otto von Bismarck

Realpolitik

The unification of Germany occurred in large part as a result of its 1871 victory in this war

The Franco-Prussian War

One of the reasons that the Industrial Revolution began in England was that it had large deposits of these two natural resources critical to industrialization

Iron and Coal

The single most important invention of the Industrial Revolution was this power source, created by James Watt, able to be set up anywhere and not dependent on muscle power to run:

The Steam Engine

This refers to the production of goods in private homes, as occurred early in the Industrial Revolution -- eventually production moved to factories as equipment got larger and more expensive

Cottage Industry

The most important industry of the early Industrial Revolution was the production of:

Textiles

The Industrial Revolution gave Europeans a renewed interest in acquiring colonies, for they helped satisfy these two needs of industry:

Raw Materials and Markets

This was the process under which English villages eliminated their common lands and permitted landowners to close off and consolidate their lands -- it was a critical prerequisite to the Industrial Revolution

The Enclosure Movement

A key invention of the industrial revolution was this man's device for separating cotton from its seed, the Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney

This scientist's germ theory established that disease was caused by microorganisms like bacteria

Louis Pasteur

This economist argued in Wealth of Nations that the most productive economy was one in which man was free to pursue his own economic self-interest

Adam Smith

In The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital this thinker condemned the injustices of the capitalist system and predicted a revolution that would establish a classless society in which wealth was fairly distributed

Karl Marx

This invention in particular was responsible for the endurance of the slave labor system, for it greatly reduced the costs of cotton production

The Cotton Gin

These two groups of people provided cheap labor for the early Industrial Revolution, but laws were gradually passed protecting them from exploitation

Women and Children

Industrial workers would form these organizations to better protect their interests and allow them to collectively bargain with employers for better treatment

Labor Unions

This was completed in 1869 in Africa and made it much easier for European powers to maintain communication with their colonies in Asia

Suez Canal

These are the four standard explanations for the outbreak of WWI:

Imperialism

Nationalism

Militarism

Entangling Alliances

WWI began in 1914 following the assassination of this heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

In 1917, after war had been waged for three years, this country entered WWI on the side of the Allies

The United States

In 1918 this Allied country made peace with Germany and left WWI because communists had taken power in a revolution

Russia

This kaiser was the leader of Germany during World War I

Wilhelm II

These four European empires were brought to an end by WWI:

German Empire

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Ottoman Empire

Russian Empire

At the end of World War I, Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles assigned responsibility for the war to this country:

Germany