L2 A brief history of autism

Who first coined the term “autism” and in what year

E Bleuler, 1911

What disorder was autism initially classified under

childhood schizophrenia

Who was Grunya Efimovna Sukhareva and why is she significant (what decade?)

first academic to publish clinical portraits of autistic boys and girls in the 1920s

What term did Sukhareva use to describe autistic children

schizoid psychopathy

What was Sukhareva’s focus in children’s development

incremental successes

What approach to disability did Sukhareva take and why is this thought (what did she note?)

social model, noted positive adaptive changes in supportive environments

Who were the two American authors that published separate “Schizophrenia in Children” – in the 1930s

Howard Potter and Louise Despert

How was Potter’s publication an early precursor to dimensional thinking, what was required for diagnosis

he proposed that only some, not all, symptoms needed to be present for diagnosis

Out of Potter and Despert, who was the first to provide distinctions of “schizophrenia” in children

Despert

What distinction did Despert make of schizophrenia in children, and what were they

the onset of schizophrenia, insidious and acute onset

What is insidious onset

illness develops slowly over time

What is acute onset

illness develops very suddenly

What was Despert the first to state about the rareness of autism

argued the condition was more common than thought

Who was the first to come up with a childhood schizophrenia symptom list

Potter

Who were considered the two Fathers of Autism and when did their pioneer

Leo Kanner and Hans Asperger, 1940s

Who was the first to call Autism – Autism (think Romilly saying can her have Autism)

Leo Kanner

What did Kanner name autism originally

Early Infantile Autism

2 ways Kanner characterise Early Infantile Autism

extreme autistic aloneness and obsessive desire for sameness

What language did Kanner use that was in line with eugenic thinking (2 examples)

“intelligent-looking appearance” and “good cognitive potential”

Did Kanner think autism was rare or common

rare

What was different in the way Asperger defined autism as a condition

as a personality disorder

3 ways Asperger described case studies of boys with Autism (social, interests, skills)

social difficulties, unusual circumscribed interests, good verbal skills

Who were Frankl and Weiss

mentees of Kanner and Asperger; their work overlooked for this reason

What was Asperger responsible for during the Nazi regime

approved disabled children being sent to a clinic to be euthanised

Who was the first to claim autism is present from birth

Kanner

How did Kanner’s view on the role of parenting in autism development shift

originally opposed blame to parents for autism but then shifted to a psychoanalytical perspective that did blame toxic parenting

What was the theory in relation to parenting that Kanner was associated with

Refrigerator Mother theory, describing parents as cold perfectionists

Who was the main person that spread toxic parenting theories (think parent, think baby, think baby Jesus, think Bethlehem)

Bruno Bettelheim

What did Bettelheim argue was the precipitating factor in infantile autism, in relation to parent

parent’s wish that his child did not exist

How did Bettelheim suggest autistic children could be “cured”, what were the findings

by being admitted to his school to have ‘milieu therapy’, they did not find

What new ideas did Bernard Rimland propose for the cause of autism and in what decade

condition based in genetics and neurology, in the 1960s

What was Rimland the first to publish

first checklist of autism

What did Rimland link autism to, similar to Kanner

high intelligence

Why did Rimland think he could find a cure for autism

believed it was caused by a specific gene

What two ‘cures’ did Rimland promote

behaviour change and vitamins/dietary treatments

Who were 4 prominent people who helped changed the status quo and generated a shift in autism diagnosis

Mildred Creak, Victor Lotter, Michael Rutter, Lorna Wing

Out of the 4 people, who helped established the nine-point criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenic syndrome in childhood

Creak

Who was the co-founder of the National Autistic Society in the 1960s

Wing

Who was the first to do a prevalence study

Lotter

Who was the first to explore the heredity of autism

Rutter (and Folstein)

Who coined the terms ‘autism spectrum’ and ‘Asperger syndrome’

Wing

How did Lotter adapt Creak’s checklist

made it into a questionnaire

What population age did Lotter screen for prevalence

8-11 year olds

What prevalence and male female ratio did Lotter find

4.5 per 10,000 and 2.6:1

What did Lotter find in family members of autistic children

higher rate of ‘serious mental illness’

What problem did Sir Michael Rutter identify with the term "autism" in 1978 – what was the confusion around what the term meant (Bleuler vs Kanner definition)?

withdrawal into fantasy vs failure to develop relationships

What 3 features did Rutter argue to focus on for autism in the 1960s

abnormalities of language development, ritualistic and compulsive phenomena, stereotyped mannerisms

What claim did Rutter and Lockyer dismiss about autistic children’s intelligence

the claim that all autistic children have an average or above average IQ

How did Rutter’s definition of autism differ in the 70s vs 60s

introduced issues with social abilities, re-highlighted abnormalities with language abilities and reshaped phenomena/mannerisms into restricted interests and repetitive behaviours

Did Rutter find evidence for heredity of autism (what was it), and did this support/contradict Kanner’s ‘Refrigerator mother’ theory

yes (higher concordance rate in identical twins vs non-identical), evidence opposed theory

What updated prevalence rate of autistic children did Wing find (and based on who’s definition) and in which decade

20 in 10,000 (based on Rutter’s definition), in the 1970s

How was autism classified in DSM-III (1980) and which section was it placed under

Infantile Autism, under Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD)

Two characteristics of infantile autism

lack of responsiveness to other people and resistance to change

How was infantile autism revised (replaced) in 1987 in the DSM-III

Autistic disorder

What was modified about the onset of autism in the revised DSM-III

the age of onset and who could be diagnosed

What was the significance of the revised DSM-III (its approach and outcomes)

broader criteria (more flexible), led to increased diagnoses

What changed about diagnostic instruments that led to an increase in diagnosis

become easy to administer

What were the two methods of diagnoses in the late 80s

a observation schedule (ADOS) accompanied by an Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI)

What was the issue highlighted by the DSM-IV and what change did that lead to

diagnostic criteria too broad so they refined them

What category was introduced to the DSM-IV

Asperger’s syndrome

who is Temple Grandin in advocacy and autistic culture

author and speaker on autism and animal behaviour

who is Donna Williams in advocacy and autistic culture

writer and autism advocate

who is Jim Sinclair - what did he co-find and was the pioneer of

Autism Network International, pioneer of the neurodiversity movement

What ‘treatment’ for autism did Michelle Dawson challenge and what did she fight for in autism research

the ABA (behavioural analysis) and the inclusion of autistic perspective

What famous ‘problem’ did Damian Milton coin

Double Empathy Problem

Steven Kapp was the first to publish a direct comparison between autistic and on-autistic people’s views towards what

autism

What paradigm shift is needed and is occurring

the inclusion of autistic people on autism research

What organisation did Jim Sinclair co-find and what did he pioneer

Autism Network International and neurodiversity movement

How has gender ratios in autism changed from early 1990s to mid-2000s to more recently

4:1 to 3:1

Was autism higher in adults or children

children

What is the prevalence of gender diversity in those diagnosed with autism

7 in 100

Name 5 perceived barriers to diagnosis

parental concerns, others’ perceptions, lack of information/resources, clinician bias and compensatory behaviours

Explain the “leaky” recruitment-to-research pipeline

a cycle of how research shapes itself through definitions, tools and criteria and the exclusion of woman and girls has therefore been magnified for this reason

What tool measures camouflaging and which gender is it most common amongst

the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire, females score higher

What did the creation of camouflaging tool indicate

the use of scale development to support recognition

What new assessment tool address gender gaps and lack of diagnostic sensitivity by ADOS

the Gendered Autism Behavioural Scale

What % of young children with developmental disabilities live in low and middle income countries

95%

What 2 things differs across racial and ethnic groups or by socioeconomic class in autism

age of diagnosis and access to support

4 steps in the decolonisation process

reconstruction, pushing back, raising knowledge and providing space

What is the basis to the Sociocultural Model of Disability

the problem that autism has been constructed from a neurotypical and from a WEIRD perspective

Name the changes in theory of autism over time

Childhood Schizophrenia, Infantile Autism and Autism Spectrum