[08.28] Male Sexual Response and Disorders V2.pdf

Sex

What is the biological category of being male or female?

Objective state

Is biological sex considered a subjective or objective state?

Gender

What term refers to the cultural, social, and psychological meanings associated with the feeling of masculinity or femininity?

Gender roles

What are the behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits designated as masculine or feminine in a given culture?

Gender identity

What is a person’s psychological sense of being male or female?

Age 2 to 3

By what age does almost everyone have a firm conviction that they are male or female?

Experiences with family, teachers, friends, and culture

Gender identity results from a series of cues derived from what?

Genetic influence

Which factor in gender identity formation becomes physiologically active by the 6th week of fetal life?

Sexual identity, gender identity, sexual orientation, and sexual behavior

Sexuality is defined as the sum of which four components?

Age 2 to 3

Between what ages can children typically identify themselves and playmates as boys or girls?

Outward characteristics

Initially, what do children rely on to identify gender, such as clothing?

Age 3

After what age do children begin to show consistent gender differences in preferred toys and activities?

Trucks and wagons

Toddler boys tend to play more actively with what types of toys?

Dolls and Barbies

Toddler girls tend to show a preference for what types of toys?

Gender role behavior

What term describes all the things a person says and does to disclose himself as having the status of a man or boy?

Casual and unplanned learning

Gender role behavior is built up cumulatively through explicit instruction and what else?

Sexual orientation

What term refers to the object to whom a person’s sexual impulses are directed?

Heterosexual

What is the orientation toward the opposite sex?

Homosexual

What is the orientation toward the same sex?

Bisexual

What is the orientation toward both sexes?

Asexual

What is the term for having no interest in any sex?

Highly debatable

According to the source, is sexual orientation considered a choice?

Androgens

Biological theories suggest early exposure to what hormones may affect adult behavior?

SDN POA

What is the acronym for the Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus of the Preoptic Area?

Low testosterone

Rats with what hormone level are more likely to engage in sexual activity with males?

Unusual exposure to testosterone

What factor in female rats may promote sexual activity with other females?

Genes and prenatal hormones

Name two biological variables involved in the interplay of sexual orientation.

Aggression and activity level

Name two childhood temperaments involved in sexual orientation factor interplay.

Dissimilar, unfamiliar, or exotic

How might a person feel toward same sex or opposite sex peers during the development of orientation?

Sexual identity

What is the term for a pattern of biological sexual characteristics?

SRY and SOX9

Through which two genes do the testes develop?

DAX1

Which gene plays a part in the fetal development of both sexes?

WNT4

Which gene is needed for the development of Mullerian ducts in females?

Masculinization or feminization of the brain

Fetal hormones have an effect on what internal process during development?

XY

What are the male chromosomes?

Testes

What are the male gonads?

Androgen

What is the male hormone?

Scrotum and Penis

What is the male external genitalia?

Prostate, seminal vesicles, and vas deferens

Name the three male internal accessory organs.

Beard, low voice, and sperm emission

Name three male secondary sexual characteristics.

SOGIE

What acronym stands for Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Expression?

Spectrum

The Genderbread Person shows that identity, expression, sex, and orientation exist on a what?

1973

In what year did the American Psychiatric Association eliminate homosexuality as a diagnostic category?

1980

In what year was homosexuality removed from the DSM?

Gay

What term describes male homosexuals?

Lesbian

What term describes female homosexuals?

Homophobia

What is the negative attitude or fear of homosexuality?

Heterosexism

What is the belief that a heterosexual relationship is preferable to all others?

Arrest of psychosexual development

How did Sigmund Freud describe the theory of homosexuality?

Lower levels of circulatory androgens

What is the biological theory regarding the cause of homosexuality in males?

Cortex

Which brain structure, specifically the prefrontal region, is responsible for controlling sexual impulses?

Limbic system

Which brain structure, known as the emotional brain, elicits penile erection?

Brain stem

Which structure exerts both inhibitory and excitatory control over spinal sexual reflexes?

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

List three neurotransmitters or hormones involved in CNS sexual behavior control.

Spinal cord

Where do sexual arousal and climax occur at the spinal level?

Pudendal, pelvic, and hypogastric

Which three nerve endings are involved in spinal sexual responses?

End organ changes and physiologic responses

The male sexual cycle describes changes in the CNS and what else?

Desire, Arousal, Plateau, Orgasm, and Resolution

List the five phases of the male sexual cycle discussed.

Desire

What is the first part of the male sexual response curve?

Libido

What is another name for sexual desire?

Sexual fantasies and the desire to engage in sexual activity

What two things characterize the desire phase?

Dopaminergic receptor activation

Brain and spinal cord activity in the desire phase involves the activation of what receptors?

Dopamine

What is known as the pleasure hormone?

Subjective excitement

Besides desire, what else does dopamine affect?

Dopamine agonists

Which class of drugs, including Apomorphine and Bromocriptine, frequently elicits spontaneous penile erection?

Parkinson's disease

Bromocriptine is used for patients with which disease?

Levodopa

Which dopamine precursor is associated with increased libido and recurrence of spontaneous erection?

Nocturnal emissions

What may recur in 20 to 30 percent of Parkinson’s patients taking Levodopa?

Testosterone

Which hormone promotes copulation by increasing dopamine release in the medial preoptic area?

Nitric oxide synthesis

Testosterone possibly works via the upregulation of what?

Arousal or Excitement

Which phase is brought about by psychological stimulation like fantasy or physiological stimulation like kissing?

Sacral parasympathetic

Which neural pathway is activated during arousal to create a sense of wellness and relaxation?

Thoracolumbar sympathetic

Which pathway is inhibited during the arousal phase?

Erection

For males, what is the focus of the arousal phase?

Nitric Oxide

What vasodilator is secreted by nerve fibers during arousal?

Relaxation of deep arteries and lacunae

The secretion of Nitric Oxide leads to what vascular change?

Outflow of blood is blocked

What happens to blood flow to allow for penis rigidity?

Corpora cavernosa

Which erectile tissues mainly fill with blood and expand?

Elevated angle

Penis enlargement and rigidity result in what, which allows for penetration?

Imaginative, visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and genital

List the seven sources of stimuli for erection.

Plateau

In which phase does penetration typically occur?

Masters and Johnson

Which researchers combine the excitement and plateau phases into one?

Sexual flush

What skin manifestation occurs during the plateau phase?

Scrotum

Which structure tightens during the plateau phase?

50 percent

By what percentage do the testes increase in size during heighted excitement?

Cowper's glands

Which glands secrete fluid droplets with viable sperm cells during the plateau phase?

Orgasm

Which phase consists of a peaking of sexual pleasure and rhythmic contraction of perineal muscles?

Pudendal nerve

Afferent stimuli from which nerve induces the orgasm phase?

Smooth muscle contraction of accessory sex organs

What is a primary physiologic event of the orgasm phase?

Ejaculatory inevitability

What sensation of release is caused by the buildup of pressure in the posterior urethra?

Urethral bulb and pelvic floor

Rhythmic contractions of which two areas lead to semen emission?

15 seconds

What is the typical duration of the climax reaction?

No

Are ejaculation and orgasm considered the same thing?

Emission

In which phase of ejaculation does the sympathetic nervous system propel sperm through the ducts?

Expulsion

Which phase of ejaculation involves muscular contractions leading to the exit of the ejaculate?

180 beats per minute

Up to how many beats per minute can the heart rate increase during orgasm?

40 to 100 mmHg

How much can systolic blood pressure increase during orgasm?

40 respirations per minute

What is the maximum respiratory rate during the sympathetic rush of orgasm?

Resolution

In which phase does detumescence occur?

Detumescence

What term describes the disgorgement of blood from the genitalia to return to a resting state?