BIOL 241 FINAL LAB PRACTICAL

Haploid cells (n)

Contain one complete set of chromosomes

Diploid cells (2n)

Contain two complete sets of chromosomes

Meiosis

Makes distinct gametes, going from diploid to haploid

Mitosis

Clones body cells, going from diploid to diploid

What does meiosis produce and how?

Produces egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction by reducing the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half, producing four gamete cells

Is meiosis genetically distinct or identical?

Genetically distinct

How many divisions does meiosis undergo?

Two

How many divisions does mitosis undergo?

One

Is mitosis genetically distinct or identical?

Identical

What are gametes?

A reproductive cell of an animal or plant

What are the primary reproductive organs?

Gonads

What do gonads do?

Produce gametes and secrete reproductive hormones to support and regulate reproduction

What are reproductive hormones?

Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

What are the gonads in females and what do they produce?

The gonad is the ovary and they produce the ova (egg)

What are the gonads in males and what do they produce?

The gonads are the testis and they produce the spermatozoa (sperm)

How do ducts aid gonads?

Aid in the transport, reception, and storage of gametes

How do accessory glands aid gonads?

Delivering gametes to proper location, providing support and nourishment to gametes

What are the accessory ducts and their role in males?

Epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra and they aid in storage, maturation and transport of sperm

What are the accessory glands and their role in males?

Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, and they secrete the fluid portion of semen to support reproduction

What are the external genitalia and their role in males?

Penis and scrotum, and they aid in copulation, storage, and maturation of sperm

What three categories can major reproductive organs in males be categorized into?

Sperm production and storage, ejaculatory fluid-producing glands, copulation and deposition

What is sperm production and storage in males?

Production takes place in the testes, housed in the temperature-regulating scrotum and immature sperm travel to the epididymis for development and storage

What are ejaculatory fluid-producing glands in males?

Seminal vesicles, prostate, and vas deferens

What is copulation and deposition in males?

Deposit spermatozoa (sperm) within the female, including the penis, urethra, vas deferens, and cowper's gland

What is dartos fascia?

Connective tissue found in the penile shaft, foreskin, and scrotum

Epididymis in external male reproductive system

What is the role of the penis?

Mobility of penile skin, carries blood supply of the penile skin

What is the role of the scrotum?

Regulation of temperature of the testicles, contraction (reduce heat loss), and expansion (promote cooling)

How are the testes influenced by endocrine functions?

Influenced by the gonadotropic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland

What does sperm production rely on?

Both testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone to produce sperm

What is the tunica albuginea in male testes?

Fibrous tissue covering of the testis

What are the lobules in male testes?

Coiled seminiferous tubules

What are the seminiferous tubules in male testes?

Lined with spermatogenic cells and involved in gamete production and the transport of semen

Ductus deferens (Vas deferens)

Body of epididymis

Tail of epididymis

Head of epididymis

Prostate gland

bulbourethral/cowper's glands

What is the route of sperm?

Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens (ampulla), ejaculatory ducts (seminal vesicle, prostate gland, bulbourethral), urethra (penis, prostatic membranous)

Seminiferous tubule histology

Spermatogonium in seminiferous tubule histology

2n2c

Basement membrane in seminiferous tubule histology

The "defined" circular portion

Nests of interstitial cells (of Leydig) in connective tissue surrounding seminiferous tubules

Lumen in testis histology

#4 - each testis contains 250-900 seminiferous tubules that are responsible for the production of spermatozoa and testosterone

How do spermatogonia relate to mitosis and meiosis?

They lie on the basement membrane and are mitotic but some respond to FSH and enter meiosis, moving off the basement membrane and towards the lumen

Sustentacular (Sertoli) cell in testis histology

1 degree spermatocytes

2n4c

2 degree spermatocytes

1n2c - green label

spermatids

1n1c

spermatozoa

1n1c

What is spermatogenesis?

The process of meiosis in the male where one spermatogonium becomes 4 spermatids

What is spermiogenesis?

Associated with the Sertoli, spermatids transform anatomically into anatomically mature spermatozoa

Penis histology

The erectile tissue consist of lacunae, spaces filled with blood, surrounded by collagenous connective tissue (the tunica albuginea)

What type of sperm is associated with seminiferous tubules?

Anatomically mature sperm

What type of sperm is associated with epididymis?

Functionally mature sperm

Corpus cavernosum in penis histology

Corpus spongiosum and urethra in penis histology

The loos connective tissue labeled is the tunica albuginea

Spermatogenesis is associated with

Spermatogonia, 1-2 degree spermatocytes, and spermatids

Spermaiogenesis is associated with

Spermatozoa and Sertoli

What are ovaries and what do they do?

The female gonad produces ova through oogenesis, secreting female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

What is oogenesis?

Differentiation of the ovum to mature egg

Female reproductive anatomy includes

Ovaries, uterine tubes/fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

What secretes estrogen and progesterone?

The follicle cells and corpus luteum

Primordial follicles in follicle histology

#1 - Quiescent structures, awaiting stimulation from FSH before reentering their developmental pathway

What do primordial follicles consist of?

Each consists of a primary oocyte (2n4c) surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicle cells

Primary multilaminar follicle in follicle histology

Originated from primordial follicles - cells become cuboidal, begin mitosis and begin to secrete estrogen

Zona pellucida in follicle histology

A glycoprotein coat just outside of the primary oocyte forms - maturing them into secondary oocytes (1n2c) - These are secondary follicles

Tertiary follicle in follicle histology

stratum granulosum in ovary histology

cumulus oophorus in ovary histology

#2

Follicular cells in ovary histology

Inside of blue circle

What does the anatomy of the uterus consist of?

The fundus, body, and cervix

infundibulum of uterine tube

Fimbriae of uterine tube

Ampulla of uterine tube

Isthmus of uterine tube

What is the endometrium of the uterine layer?

Innermost lining - the stratum functionalis is built up and sheds while the stratum basalis typically stays

What is the myometrium of the uterine layer?

Muscular layer - second arrow

What is the perimetrium of the uterine layer?

The outermost layer

proliferative phase of uterine cycle

Secretory phase of uterine cycle

Menstrual phase of uterine cycle

What is the follicular phase?

When the follicle grows between days 1-14

What is the luteal phase?

When the corpus luteum forms then degenerates between days 14-21

Shedding stratum functionalis in uterus histology

The red portion - white portions are the uterine cavity

Uterine glands in uterus histology

early proliferative histology

Late proliferative histology

What is the shedding stratum functionalis associated with?

The menstrual phase

Characteristics of spermatogenesis

Begins at puberty, continues throughout life, producing four viable gametes

Characteristics of oogenesis

Begins before the female is born, containing periods of dormancy (dormant until puberty), producing one viable gamete

What is inspiration?

Inhalation - air moving from the atmosphere into lungs

What is expiration?

Exhalation - air expelled from respiratory tree into the atmosphere

What are pressure gradients?

Air will flow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

What is the diaphragm state during inspiration?

Contracted and flattened

What is the diaphragm state during expiration?

Relaxed and concaved

What happens during inspiration?

The thoracic cavity expands, external intercostal muscles contract, and the diaphragm contracts

What happens during expiration?

The thoracic cavity reduces, external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relax