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Non-essential and essential clauses
Can be removed without affecting meaning/grammar
Often appear with:
W-words (which, who)
Nouns (appositives)
Participles (-ed, -ing)
If a sentence still makes sense when a word/phrase is crossed out, two commas must be placed around that information
2 commas does not automatically = NE
Two commas vs period/semi-colon
Introductory phrases used to begin clauses can be used as NE within clauses (middle or end)
Single word transitions
Follow period or semi-colon used to begin a sentence or clause
Can also be used as NE in the middle of sentence or end as long as sentence still makes sense without it
Colon or dash
May be used after a NE word/phrase
Acceptable when definition/explanation follows
Punctuating transitions
Transitions used as NE when it a part of a clause, and needs commas
Starts of new clause = period/semi-colon/colon
To check where transition belongs - determine what sentences they are supposed to connect with (Ex: contradictors = contradicting previous sentence or following sentence)
“That”
Clauses beginning with that = essential (no commas or punctuation)
If “that” is deleted = no comma in its place
Comma only used if NE commas after
Names or titles
No commas = essential
Two commas = NE
Mostly no commas (unless NE)
Commas around title or name = ONLY person/thing
No commas = One of multiple people or things
Usually 2 commas or no commas unless dependent phrase follows (uncommon exception)
Non-essential clauses with dashes/parantheses
Two commas/dashes/parantheses = interchangeable
Except transitions (must be commas when used as NE)
Cannot mix and math (ex: comma before and dash after)
Either commas or parantheses not both = redundant; common error
“Who”
Phrases beginning with “who” can be NE or essential
Have to consider whether meaning is essential or not
If referring to specific group of people = no commas
Referring to people in general = commas
2 commas or no commas