EARTH SCIENCE

CREATION MYTH

Is a symbolic narrative of the beginning of the world as understood by a culture.

BIGBANG THEORY

It states that all of the current and past matter in the Universe came into existence at the same time, roughly 13.8 billion years ago.

INFLATIONARY EPOCH

The universe expanded from the size of an atomic nucleus to 1035 meters in width

FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE

The universe continued to expand

NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

 Protons and neutrons combined to form hydrogen nuclei

RADIATION ERA

Most of the energy in the universe was in the form of radiation.

MATTER DOMINATION

 At this stage, lithium atoms began to be formed.

BIRTH OF STARS AND GALAXY

The groups of stars became the galaxies

STRONG FORCE

Short-range attractive force which binds the nucleus

ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE

Long-ranged force that binds atoms which can either be attractive or repulsive

WEAK FORCE

Short-ranged force present in radioactive decay

GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

Weak, long-ranged, and attractive force which bind the solar system

STEADY STATE THEORY

According to the theory, the universe is unchanging in time and uniform in space. (it stays the same)

ASTEROID

Are made up of rocks and are sometimes referred to as minor planets in many ways

MAIN ASTEROID BELT

Are located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

COMETS

Are composed mainly of ice and nonvolatile dust, and it  originate from two regions of the outer Solar System

KUIPER BELT

Often called the Solar System's "final frontier" /  It is at the outermost region of the Solar System.

SHORT-PERIOD COMETS

• like Halley's comet

• It orbits the sun in less than 200 years.

LONG-PERIOD COMETS

Are thought to originate from the Oort cloud

OORT CLOUD

Is located farther than the Kuiper belt and, therefore, remained unexplored

TERRESTRIAL PLANETS

Are Earth-like planets, sometimes referred to as inner planets

JOVIAN PLANETS

Are Jupiter-like planets. They are referred to as gas planets

ROMAN AND GREEK MYTHOLOGY

Except for the Earth, the planets are named after gods from

DESCARTES’ VORTEX THEORY

• French mathematician and physicist

• was one of the first proponents of a model on the origin of the Solar System.

BUFFON’S COLLISION THEORY

He proposed that the planets were formed by the collision of the sun with a giant comet

KANT-LAPLACE NEBULAR THEORY

The theory proposed that a cloud of gas and dust (nebula) collapsed due to gravitational pull. As it contracted, it spun faster, forming a pancake-shaped object with a central bulge. As it further collapsed, it created local regions, which became the Sun and planets.

JEANS-JEFFREYS’ TIDAL THEORY

A dualistic theory that says that the planets were formed from the substance that was torn out of the sun

SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY

The Solar System was formed as a result of the condensation of hydrogen gas and dust referred to as interstellar gas and dust clouds. / States that hydrogen and other gases swirled around and condensed into our sun and its planets

ASTEROID BELT

__between Mars and Jupiter forms the boundary between the inner and outer planets

INNER PLANETS

Consists of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars

OUTER PLANETS

Consists of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune

INFERIOR PLANETS

Located inside the orbit of Earth

SUPERIOR PLANETS

Located outside the orbit of Earth

PULSATING THEORY

Universe undergoes a cycle of inflation and contraction and would inflate again like it did at the start of the big bang

EKPYROTIC THEORY

Parallel universes exist and occasionally interact with each other

BLACK HOLES

Light absorbed by black holes resurfaces in a portal to a different space where they become the seeds for a new universe

“MATRIX” THEORY

The universe is a computer simulation

CREATION OF WORLD BY QUANTUM THEORY

Many universes exist which are consequences of the constant branching and divergen of realities

CONDENSATION THEORY

Also known as "Dust-cloud theory" and "Photoplanetary theory"

PLANETESIMALS THEORY

There was only a Sun before planet formation and the Sun was cold before planet formation

CAPTURE THEORY

Planets and moons were flying around, and some were captured by our sun and began circling

TIDAL THEORY

Theory of the evolution of a celestial body that is based on the action of tidal forces such a theory explaining the moon's evolution.

GEOSPHERE

It makes up the solid portion of the Earth and is the largest among all spheres.

HYDROSPHERE

It is composed of all the waters on or near the Earth’s surface

CRYOSPHERE

Earth’s hydrosphere can be in a form of liquid, vapor, and ice such as glaciers, ice caps, and icebergs.

ATMOSPHERE

It composes the air we breathe and the blanket of gas that surrounds our planet up to the edge of space

BIOSPHERE

It is composed of all the waters on or near the Earth’s surface. Is the region of our planet inhabited by living things

EARTH SCIENCE

Is a collective term that studies all major parts of our planets namely land, sea, air, the interior structure of our plant and distribution of living organisms.

OPEN SYSTEM

Is one where matter and energy are exchanged with the surroundings

CLOSED SYSTEM

Is one where only energy, but not matter, is exchanged with its surroundings

ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT

He obtained data about physical geography, meteorology, flora, fauna, plains and mountains / Founder of Modern Geography

CHARLES LYELL

“The present is the key to the past.”

UNIFORMITARIANISM

Asserts that the geological processes that shape earth are the same through time

GRADUALISM

Contends that large-scale effects are the consequences of tiny changes that accumulated over long periods of time

CATASTROPHISM

Believes that large-scale effects are a results of a quick and sudden geological events

CHARLES DARWIN

The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

NATURAL SELECTION

Nature selects the traits thbat will flourish in an environment, and consequently, the specific species or types of microorganism

GENETIC MUTATION

Changes from the genetic composition of a certain organism having them the capability to resist certain conditions

ALFRED WEGENER

Continental drift theory

WATER

Most essential materials for biological beings

SOIL

Mixture of organic and inorganic materials that makes the physical aspect of the planet (minerals, rocks, humus)

ENERGY

Can be renewable or Non-renewable

ROCKS

Aggregate of minerals

MINERALS

Homogenous, Naturally occuring, solid inorganic substance with a definable chemical composition and has internal structure that is arrange in a orderly lattice structure

HOMOGENOUS

Consist of components that are the same

NATURALLY OCCURING

Formed in nature and found in nature

INORGANIC

Absence of Carbon-Hydrogen Bond or Hydrocarbons

SOLID

Has form and shape. forms a crystal lattice

DEFINABLE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

Consist of a particular chemical composition like SiO2 or Silica or Silicon Dioxide

CRYSTAL LATTICE

Elements in minerals form structures which is responsible for its shape.

ISOMETRIC or CUBIC

All 3 axes are equal in length and all are perpendicular to one another

TETRAGONAL

2 of the 3 axes are equal in length and all 3 are perpendicular to one another

ORTHORHOMBIC

All 3 axes are unequal in length but all are perpendicular to one another

HEXAGONAL

Of 4 axes, 3 are equal length, are separated by equal angles, and lie in the same plane

TRICLINIC

All 3 are unequal in length, and not perpendicular to one another

MONOCLINIC

All 3 axes are unequal in length, and only 2 are perpendicular to each other

RHOMBOHEDRAL or TRIGONAL

All 3 axes are equal in length, none are perpendicular to another, but the crystal faces are in the same size and shape

SOLIDIFICATION OF MELTS

Freezing of liquid Substance or the loss of temperature of liquid substance to form a solid state

PRECIPITATION FROM A SOLUTION

Bonding of particles in a liquid substance or water and separation out to form a solid state (Salt from Sea water)

SOLID STATE DIFFUSION

Migration or movement of particles of matter while in the solid state

BIOMINERALIZATION

Synthesis of Minerals by living organisms. These are commonly seen in animals with mineral structure within and in surface of their body

FUMAROLIC MINERALIZATION

Formation of solid minerals from gases seen in volcanic vents or fumarole

SILICATES

Major rock forming minerals contains SiO4 or Silicon Oxygen tetrahedron

OXIDE

Contains Metal Cations bonded with Oxygen. Commonly called ore minerals because of the abundant amount of metals

SULFIDES

Metal ions bonded with sulfide S2 Also classified as Ore minerals are lustruss minerals. They are used in batteries, fertilizers, pesticides etc

SULFATES

• Commonly formed in the process of precipitation. 

• Non-metal. 

• Metal bonded with SO42

HALIDES

Halogen ions bonded other elements. Commonly used in fertilizer, seasoning

CARBONATES

CO3 as anion bonding with Ca and Mg

NATIVE METALS

• Steel and other alloy used in Infrastructure 

• Heavy machineries, appliances and wirings 

• Mercury as indicator of temperature on thermometer

GEM MINERALS / GEMSTONES

Are hardened minerals with specific arrangement of atoms

CRYSTAL FORM

The arrangement of atom

LUSTER

Quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral

COLOR

Most obvious but the most unreliable

STREAK

Color of the minerals in its powdered form

CLEAVAGE

Tendency of minerals to break along planes of weak bonding. breaking it leaves a smooth plane

FRACTURE

Tendency of a mineral to not exhibit cleavage when broken. Breaking it leaves a rough irregular surface

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of the volume of water

HARDNESS

Resistance to abrasion and scratch

VOLCANOES

Is one of the reason why minerals is rich in the country

GEOSPHERE

Solid portion of the earth