hbs sem 2 final

anterior

front part of body

posterior

back part of body

superior

higher on body

inferior

lower on body

medial

closer to midline

lateral

farther from midline

proximal

closer to trunk

distal

farther from trunk

superficial

near surface

deep

farther inside body

dorsal

spinal/back side

ventral

abdominal/front side

coronal (frontal)

divides front and back

sagittal

divides left and right

median (midsagittal)

equal left/right halves

transverse

divides top and bottom

abdominal

tummy

antecubital

inside elbow

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm

buccal

cheek

calcaneal

heel

carpal

hands/wrists

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

coxal

hip

digital

fingers/toes

femoral

thigh

gluteal

butt

inguinal

groin

lumbar

lower back

nasal

nose

occipital

back of head

olecranal

elbow

oral

mouth

orbital

eye

patellar

knee

pelvic

pelvis

popliteal

back of knee

sacral

tailbone

scapular

shoulder blade

sternal

sternum

tarsal

feet/ankle

thoracic

chest cavity

umbilical

belly button

vertebral

spine

cranial

brain

vertebral (body cavity)

spinal cord

thoracic (body cavity)

heart/lungs

abdominal (body cavity)

digestive organs

pelvic (body cavity)

bladder/reproductive organs

ventral (body cavity)

front body cavity

dorsal (body cavity)

back body cavity

abdominopelvic

abdominal + pelvic combined

levels of organization

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism

nervous tissue

• Communication

• Contains neurons

• Conducts impulses

connective tissue

• Support and binding

• Protein fibers abundant

• Transports nutrients/wastes

epithelial tissue

• Covers surfaces

• Secretion/absorption/diffusion

• Lining of organs

muscular tissue

• Movement

• Skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscle

role of valves

Prevent backflow of blood and keep blood moving one direction.

coronary arteries

 bring oxygenated blood to heart muscle

left coronary artery

supplies left side of heart

right coronary artery

supplies right atrium/right ventricle

arteries

thick muscular walls, carry blood away from heart

veins

thinner walls with valves, carry blood to heart

capillaries

one-cell thick, exchange gases/nutrients

carotid

neck

jugular

neck

subclavian

under clavicle

axillary (blood vessel)

armpit

brachial (blood vessel)

upper arm

aorta

main artery from heart

radial

thumb side forearm

ulnar

pinky side forearm

brachiocephalic

upper chest

descending aorta

downward through torso

iliac

pelvis

femoral (blood vessel)

thigh

popliteal (blood vessel)

behind knee

cephalic (blood vessel)

lateral arm vein

basilic

medial arm vein

systolic pressure

pressure during contraction/pumping

diastolic pressure

pressure during relaxation/filling

normal

s: <120
d: <80

elevated

s: 120-129
d: <80

hypertension stage 1

s: 130-139
d: 80-89

hypertension stage 2

s: ≥140
d: ≥90

hypertensive crisis

s: >180
d: >120

factors affecting blood pressure

• Stress

• Exercise

• Diet/salt intake

• Obesity

• Smoking

• Genetics

• Age

cardiac output

amount of blood pumped by both ventricles in one minute

how is co measured

L/min

heart rate

number of times heart beats in one minute

how is hr measured

beats per min

stroke volume

blood pumped per beat

avg sv

70 mL/beat

formula for co

hr x sv

abi

ankle brachial index

peripheral artery disease (pad)

• Reduced blood flow to extremities

• Risk of heart attack/stroke

• Pain while walking

• Skin color changes

• Can completely block blood flow → critical limb ischemia

• Usually caused by atherosclerosis

heart conduction pathway

1. SA node fires

2. Signal spreads through atria

3. AV node delays signal

4. Bundle of His conducts signal

5. Purkinje fibers stimulate ventricles

inspiration

inhale