Anatomy Theory

Medial

Closer to the midline of the body

Lateral

Farther from the midline of the body

Median

Located directly on the midline

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or trunk

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or trunk

Superior

Above or higher than another structure

Inferior

Below or lower than another structure

Deep

Farther from the body surface

Superficial

Closer to the body surface

Palmar

Relating to the palm of the hand

Plantar

Relating to the sole of the foot

Anterior/Ventral

Front side of the body

Posterior/Dorsal

Back side of the body

Cephalic/Cranial

Toward the head

Rostral

Toward the nose or mouth

Caudal

Toward the tail or lower body

Axial/Transverse/Horizontal plane

Divides body into superior and inferior parts

Sagittal plane

Divides body into left and right parts

Coronal plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior parts

Flexion

Movement that decreases the angle between body parts

Extension

Movement that increases the angle between body parts

Lateral flexion

Side bending of the neck or trunk

Abduction

Movement away from the midline

Adduction

Movement toward the midline

Radial deviation

Movement of wrist toward the thumb side

Ulnar deviation

Movement of wrist toward the little finger side

Pronation

Rotation of forearm so palm faces posteriorly/downward

Supination

Rotation of forearm so palm faces anteriorly/upward

Medial rotation

Rotation toward the midline

Lateral rotation

Rotation away from the midline

Inversion

Turning sole of foot medially

Eversion

Turning sole of foot laterally

Plantar flexion

Pointing foot downward

Dorsiflexion

Bringing top of foot toward shin

Protraction

Anterior movement of a body part

Retraction

Posterior movement of a body part

Circumduction

Circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

Somatic

Relates to body wall and limbs

Visceral

Relates to internal organs

Somatic nervous system

Controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement and conscious sensation

Autonomic nervous system

Controls involuntary regulation of organs, glands and smooth muscle

Neonate skull characteristics

Large head, open fontanelles and thinner skull bones

Adult skull characteristics

Fully fused sutures and rigid skull

Neonate spinal cord level

Approximately L3

Adult spinal cord level

L1-L2

Neonate airway features

Smaller airway, larger tongue and higher larynx

Adult airway features

Larger airway diameter and lower larynx

Neonate thorax features

Horizontal ribs and diaphragm dependent breathing

Adult thorax features

Downward angled ribs and rigid thoracic cage

Neonate cardiovascular features

Higher baseline heart rate and limited stroke volume increase

Adult cardiovascular features

Lower resting heart rate and greater cardiovascular reserve

Neonate musculoskeletal features

More cartilage, open growth plates and ligament laxity

Adult musculoskeletal features

Complete ossification and closed growth plates

Thoracic cage components

12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 ribs and sternum

Thoracic vertebrae identifying feature

Costal facets for rib articulation

True ribs

Ribs 1-7

False ribs

Ribs 8-10

Floating ribs

Ribs 11-12

Structures in costal groove

Intercostal vein, artery and nerve

Parts of the sternum

Manubrium, body and xiphoid process

Sternal angle vertebral level

T4-T5

Sternal angle significance

Level of 2nd rib, tracheal bifurcation and arch of aorta

Xiphoid process significance

Landmark for CPR hand placement

Pump handle movement

Increases anterior-posterior thoracic diameter

Bucket handle movement

Increases transverse thoracic diameter

External intercostal muscle function

Elevates ribs during inspiration

Internal intercostal muscle function

Depresses ribs during forced expiration

Neurovascular plane location

Between internal and innermost intercostals

Posterior intercostal arteries origin

Descending thoracic aorta

Anterior intercostal arteries origin

Internal thoracic artery

Intercostal nerves origin

Anterior rami of T1-T11 spinal nerves

Diaphragm function

Primary muscle of respiration

Right crus attachment

L1-L3

Left crus attachment

L1-L2

Caval opening vertebral level

T8

Structures through caval opening

Inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve

Oesophageal hiatus vertebral level

T10

Structures through oesophageal hiatus

Oesophagus and vagal trunks

Aortic hiatus vertebral level

T12

Structures through aortic hiatus

Descending aorta, thoracic duct and azygos vein

Diaphragm motor innervation

Phrenic nerve

Phrenic nerve roots

C3-C5

Quiet inspiration primary muscle

Diaphragm

Accessory muscles of inspiration

Sternocleidomastoid and scalenes

Muscles of forced expiration

Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

Thoracic inlet boundaries

T1 vertebra, first ribs and superior border of manubrium

Thoracic outlet boundaries

T12 vertebra, ribs 11-12, costal margin and xiphoid process

Superior mediastinum contents

Great vessels, trachea, oesophagus, vagus and phrenic nerves

Anterior mediastinum contents

Fat, connective tissue and lymph nodes

Middle mediastinum contents

Heart and pericardium

Posterior mediastinum contents

Descending aorta, oesophagus and thoracic duct

Right main bronchus characteristics

Shorter, wider and more vertical

Left main bronchus characteristics

Longer, narrower and more horizontal

Bronchopulmonary segment

Independent lung segment supplied by tertiary bronchus and pulmonary artery branch

Pulmonary circulation function

Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs for gas exchange

Bronchial circulation function

Supplies oxygenated blood to lung tissues

Parasympathetic effect on lungs

Bronchoconstriction and gland secretion

Sympathetic effect on lungs

Bronchodilation and reduced gland secretion

Visceral pleura innervation

Autonomic nerves

Parietal pleura innervation

Somatic nerves