Psychology 2000 - Language and Intelligence Review

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary and concepts related to language, cognition, intelligence, and developmental psychology as outlined in the lecture notes.

Language

A communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit information from one individual to another.

Lexicon

The words of a given language (vocabulary).

Grammar

A set of rules for organizing words to convey meaning.

Linguistic Determinism

The theory that the language a person speaks largely determines the nature of their thoughts.

Phonology

The study of how words are formed by combining various phonemes.

Phoneme

The smallest distinctive sound unit in a spoken language.

Morpheme

The smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

Semantics

The process by which we derive meaning from words/morphemes.

Syntax

The way words are organized into sentences.

Pragmatics

The practical aspects of communicating with others, including social norms.

Mental Set

The tendency to persist in using problem-solving patterns that worked in the past.

Functional Fixedness

A type of mental set that hinders creativity by limiting the use of an object to its traditional function.

Anchoring Bias

The tendency to focus on one piece of information when making decisions.

Hindsight Bias

The tendency to believe, after an event has occurred, that one could have predicted the outcome.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one's preconceptions.

Representative Bias

The tendency to judge an event by how closely it resembles a typical case.

Availability Heuristic

The tendency to make decisions based on the most readily available information.

Cognition

The mental action of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.

Cognitive Psychology

The field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think.

Concepts

Groupings of information, ideas, or experiences that share common properties.

Prototype

A strong example or representation of a concept.

Natural Concepts

Concepts formed through direct and indirect experiences.

Artificial Concepts

Concepts formed by learning specific rules that define it.

Schema

A mental collection of related concepts that organizes information.

Role Schema

Information about how individuals in certain roles behave.

Event Schema

Mental collections about a set of behaviors or routines.

Creativity

The ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities.

Divergent Thinking

Thinking that sees many different possibilities or new ideas in a situation.

Convergent Thinking

The ability to provide a well-established solution to a problem that has only one answer.

Intelligence

The ability to learn from experience, acquire knowledge, and adapt to new situations.

G factor

The general intelligence factor associated with reasoning and problem-solving abilities.

Crystalized Intelligence

Acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to see complex relationships and solve problems.

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

A theory that identifies three types of intelligence: analytical, practical, and creative.

Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory

Theory proposing that each individual possesses various forms of intelligence.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to understand and manage emotions in oneself and others.

Reliability

The degree to which a test produces stable and consistent results.

Validity

How well a test measures what it is intended to measure.

Standardization

The process of administering and scoring tests consistently.

IQ Bell Curve

A normal distribution of IQ scores, where the average IQ is set at 100.

Intellectual Disability

A condition defined as an IQ below 70 that requires additional diagnostic criteria.

Gifted

Individuals considered to have an IQ above 130.

Nature Perspective

The belief that intelligence is inherited from one's parents.

Nurture Perspective

The belief that intelligence is shaped by environmental influences.

Developmental Psychology

The study of lifelong development across physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains.

Stability vs. Change

A debate in developmental psychology about whether personality traits remain constant or change over time.

Continuous vs. Discontinuous Development

The debate on whether development occurs gradually or in distinctive stages.

Nature vs. Nurture

The discussion on the role of biology and environment in human development.

Psychosexual Theory

Freud's theory that development occurs in discontinuous stages focused on pleasure-seeking urges.

Psychosocial Theory

Erikson's theory emphasizing that personality development occurs across the lifespan.