Carbs 2

digestion, intro to cellular respiration

lactase

enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose or galactose

insulin

hormone that regulates carbohydrate digestion

triggers signal cascade that promotes the synthesis of glycogen in liver tissue, and the storage of carbon fuels as lipids in adipose tissue

promotes glycolysis

ketone body

small water soluble molecules that can cross the blood-brain barrier made from excess acetyl CoA

aerobic

oxygen present

pyruvate oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, citric acid cycle

anaerobic

oxygen absent

glycolysis, fermentation (regenerates NAD+ to continue glycolysis),

NAD+

primary electron acceptor in glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and TCA. oxidized form

NADH

reduced form of NAD+, delivers electrons to Complex I of electron transport chain

FAD

coenzyme used by enzymes (e.g., succinate dehydrogenase) in TCA. oxidized form

FADH2

reduced form of FAD. delivers electrons to Complex II of electron transport chain

redox reaction

reduction-oxidation reaction, involving the transfer of electrons between two substances

oxidation

loss of electrons (and/or hydrogen)

reduction

gain of electrons (and/or hydrogen)

digestive enzymes cleave ___

covalent bonds

digestion of dietary carbs in the mouth

neutral pH environment with saliva with a-amylase

a-amylase cleaves a-1,4 glycosidic bonds between glucose residues in food