AP Gov

Marbury v Madison (1803)

Established judicial review

Schneck v. United States (1919)

1st Amendment - Limits speech for clear and present danger, like wartime.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

1st amendment - Protects student speech unless it creates substantial disruption in school.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

1st Amendment - School sponsored prayer is not allowed during school hours because it violates the Establishment Clause

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

1st amendment - Required education laws violate Amish religious freedom and violates the free exercise clause

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

5th and 14th amendments (Due process) - Required states to provide attorneys to defendants who cannot afford oneM

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

5th amendment - Suspects must be informed of their rights before interrogation

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

14th amendment Equal Protection Clause - Desegregated schools

Baker v. Carr (1962)

Allowed federal courts to hear redistricting cases, leading to equal representation among the districts under the equal protection clause

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

Ruled racial gerrymandering to be unconstitutional and violates equal protection clause

Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

Held that political spending by corporations and unions is protected speech allowing unlimited campaign spending

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

10th amendment - Created the supremacy of federal law over state law, implied powers, and allowed congress to create a national bank

US v. Lopez (1995)

Challenged gun free school zones and congressional ability to regulate interstate commerce

Necessary and Proper Clause

Congress can pass laws that are necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated powers

Commerce Clause

Gives congress the power to regulate interstate commerceS

Supremacy Clause

Federal law is more powerful than state law

Establishment Clause

The government is not allowed to establish an official religion

Free Exercise Clause

Anybody can practice their religion freely

Due Process Clause

The Government cannot deny life, liberty, or property without fair legal procedure

Equal Protection Clause

States must treat people equally under the law

Selective Incorporation

Applying the bill of rights to the states by the 14th amendment

1st amendment

protects freedoms of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition

2nd amendment

the right to bear arms

4th amendment

protects from unreasonable searches and seizures; requires a warrant with probable cause5

5th amendment

The rights of the accused: no self-incrimination, due process, no double jeopardy, and eminent domain

Self-incrimination

Basically the government forcing you to confess of a crime you didn’t do

Double jeopardy

Getting accused of the same crime twice

Eminent domain

The government buying and using the convicted person’s property as public use as long as they give just compensation

Bicameral Legislature

The government is divided by equal representation and balanced representation

Impeachment process

The house initiates a vote, and then that vote goes to the senate

Mandate

A policy that the federal government forms, usually comes from a law, that the states must follow; ex. all public schools must do state testing due to the No Child Left Behind law

Marble Cake Federalism

Where the federal and state governments share powers

Layer Federalism

The federal government and state governments have their own specific powers that are separated

Gridlock

Congress can’t get anything done because the political parties are in conflict

Gerrymandering

Purposefully redrawing voting districts in favor of one candidate

Speaker of the House

Presiding officer of the House of Representatives, controls the legislative process, committee assignments, and floor debate

Vice President

Breaks ties in congress or steps in when the president is unable to serve

Fillibuster

A member of group delays the lawmaking process by an extended debate - forces them to move on to other business

Rules Committee

Largest committee in the house that is responsible for creating the rules and procedures for debating and passing legislation - can be biased upon political party ideals

Discharge petition

a procedural tool in the U.S. House of Representatives that allows a majority of members (218 signatures) to force a bill out of a committee and onto the House floor for a vote

Pocket Veto

president doesn’t sign a bill for 10 days, forcing it to veto. congress cannot override that veto

Commander in Chief

Executive Order

a signed, written, and published directive issued by the U.S. President to manage operations of the federal government, having the force of law without congressional approval

Bully pulpit

A bully pulpit is a conspicuous, high-profile position that provides an opportunity to speak out and be listened to, allowing a leader to shape public opinion and advance policy goals. Coined by Theodore Roosevelt, "bully" means "excellent" or "first-rate," serving as a platform to exhort, instruct, or inspire the nation.

Discretionary Spending

the portion of the U.S. federal budget set annually through appropriations bills, covering defense, education, transportation, and homeland security

Mandatory Spending

funds authorized by permanent law rather than annual appropriations, primarily covering entitlement programs like Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid.

An Appropriations Act is a legislative motion in the U.S. Congress that authorizes the expenditure of federal funds for specific purposes

Federalist #10 - James Madison

Factions are inevitable and having a large republic prevents tyranny

Full Faith and Credit Clause

Requires states to recognize and enforce acts, records, or judgements made by other states (if you get married in Virginia, you are still married in Michigan)

Privileges and Immunities Clause

requires states to treat citizens of other states equally to their own residents

Extradition

transferring a fugitive from one jurisdiction to another

Brutus No. 1

Anti-federalist paper that feared centralized and tyranical power along with the loss of liberty

Federalist #51

checks and balances and separation of powers are necessary so each branch can limit the others and prevent any one from becoming too powerful.

Federalist #78

explains that the judiciary is the weakest branch and must have the power of judicial review to interpret laws and protect the Constitution.