African American Civil Rights Movements

This set of flashcards covers key concepts and events from the civil rights movements, emphasizing the Négritude and Negrismo movements, anticolonial efforts, WWII impacts, legal milestones, major organizations, and influential figures.

What was the core philosophy of the Négritude Movement?

A rejection of French assimilation and a reclamation of Black consciousness.

Who were the founders of the Négritude Movement?

Aimé Césaire, Léopold Senghor, and Frantz Fanon.

In which time period did the Négritude Movement take place?

1930s to 1950s.

What did the Negrismo Movement celebrate?

Mestizaje (racial mixing) and African contributions to Latin American culture.

Name two influential artists associated with the Négritude and Negrismo Movements.

Loïs Mailou Jones and Wifredo Lam.

What did black activists view as interrelated means of dehumanization?

Racism in the U.S. and colonialism in Africa.

Who were key figures of Pan-Africanism?

W.E.B. Du Bois and Kwame Nkrumah.

What was the goal of Pan-Africanism?

Unification of all people of African descent for political and economic independence.

What notable event in 1960 energized the U.S. Civil Rights Movement?

The 'Year of Africa': 17 African nations gained independence.

What was the purpose of the Double V Campaign?

Victory at home against racism and victory abroad against fascism.

How many Black Americans served in WWII segregated units?

Over 2 million.

What legislation aimed to provide veterans with financial assistance?

The G.I. Bill.

What scandal pushed President Truman to prioritize civil rights?

The blinding of veteran Isaac Woodard by police in 1946.

What legal case established the basis for 'separate but equal'?

Plessy v. Ferguson.

What was the impact of Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

The Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were inherently unequal.

What was the backlash to the Brown v. Board ruling?

Massive Resistance led to firing Black teachers and closing Black schools.

What grassroots solution emerged in response to transit segregation?

The development of 'jitneys' (private carpools).

Name the four major civil rights organizations known as the 'Big Four'.

NAACP, SCLC, CORE, SNCC.

What did the NAACP focus on?

Legal litigation and lobbying.

Who led the SCLC?

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

What significant legislation resulted from the activism of civil rights groups?

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Who was known as the 'Mother of the Movement'?

Ella Baker.

What did Fannie Lou Hamer famously testify about?

The violence she faced for trying to vote.

What did the SNCC Position Paper (1964) address?

Gender inequities within the civil rights movement.

What was the impact of grassroots groups like the CCCO?

Organized large school boycotts protesting de facto segregation.

What role did music play in the Civil Rights Movement?

Mobilization through 'Freedom Songs' that unified protesters.

Who used fame to advocate against U.S. racism in France?

Josephine Baker.

What was the emphasis of Black Power that emerged in 1966?

Self-determination and racial pride.

Which organization blended Islam with Black Nationalism?

The Nation of Islam (NOI).

What was Malcolm X's stance on self-defense?

He argued for self-defense 'by any means necessary.'

What did the Black Arts Movement (BAM) emphasize in art?

Art as a political tool for achieving equality.

What did the BAM contribute to in academia?

The establishment of African American Studies programs.

What was the focus of the Black Panther Party (BPP)?

Self-defense and monitoring police brutality in Black neighborhoods.

What was the BPP's official manifesto called?

The Ten-Point Program.

What essential service did the BPP provide to children?

Free Breakfast for School Children.

What types of programs did the BPP implement in communities?

Free medical clinics, legal aid offices, and clothing programs.

How did the BPP differ concerning gender roles compared to other organizations?

Women made up roughly half of the membership and held leadership positions.

What key question did the BPP raise about government protection?

Do you trust the government to protect you, or must you protect yourself?