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Operant learning
learning based on association of consequences with behavior
law of effect
if consequence of behavior is pleasant, stimulus response connection with be strengthened and behavior will increase
B.F Skinner
coined term of operant conditioning
reinforcement
consequence that makes behavior more likely
positive reinforcement
adds something pleasant
negative reinforcement
removes something unpleasant
punishment
consequence that decreases likelihood of behavior
positive punishment
add something negative
negative punishment
removes something pleasant
escape learning
allows you to terminate unpleasant stimulus
avoidance learning
allows you to completely avoid unpleasant stimulus
shaping
reinforces steps used to reach desired behavior
chaining
teaching to perform several responses successively for reward, link several behaviors for complex activities
operant conditioning version of aversive conditioning
punishment
Skinner acquisition
rat learns to press lever for food
Skinner extinction
rat unlearns bar food connection and stops pressing bar
Skinner spontaneous recover
after extinction and time, rat presses bar again
skinner generalization
rat presses other objects that look like bar
skinner discrimination
rat learns to only press specific bar
reinforcement discrimination
learns to only press specific bar
discrimination stimulus
only press bar under certain conditions
unless __, likelihood of their recurrence decreases
behaviors are reinforced
primary reinforcers
rewarding in themselves, ex. food, water
secondary reinforcement
things we have learned to value or praise
generalized reinforcer
cna be traded for anything, money
premack principle
reinforcement effectiveness is diff depending on situation and preference
continuous reinforcement
rewarding behavior each time
partial reinforcement effect
behavior more resistant to extinction if not reinforced continuously
2 factors of reinforcement schedules
when and pattern of reinforcement
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule (FR)
reinforcement after set number of responses
variable ratio schedule
reinforcement after number of bar presses, it varied
FR-5 meaning
reward after 5th press every time
VR-5 meaning
sometimes rewarded after 3rd sometimes 5th, but average of 5
fixed interval schedule (FI)
certain amount of time before rewarded for bar presses
variable interval schedule (VI)
varied time after press
FI-3 meaning
rewarded after 3 minutes after bar press
VI-3 meaning
sometimes 5, sometimes 1, but average of 3 minutes
what reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction
variable schedules
restaurant gives free meal after 10 purchases
fixed ratio ex
going for lunch at restraint that opens at 12
fixed interval ex
variable ratio ex
slot machines
variable interval ex
checking for mail when letter carriers schedule is unpredictable
instinctive drift
even with operant conditioning, some animals refuse to perform certain behaviors against natural inclinations