Survey of learning final

Prejudice

A negative ATTITUDE toward an individual based on group membership

Discrimination

A negative BEHAVIOR toward an individual based on group membership

Stereotypes

Overgeneralized BELIEFS about an individual based on group membership

Hostile Sexism

Overtly negative, directly putting women down or limiting them

Benevolent Sexism

Can seem positive implies women are weaker, dependent or less capable

Hostile Sexism ex

Women are too emotional to be good leaders

Benevolent Sexism ex

Women should be protected by men because they’re more delicate

Social Dominance Orientation

he tendency or motivation for individuals to prefer and support their social group having power and dominance over other groups.

Authoritarian Personality

Disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups

Social Identity

the “we” part of our self-concept, the portion of our identity that comes from the groups we belong to

Social Identity theory

Describes three core processes involved in our social identity

Social Categorization

We put ourselves and people into categories

Social Identification

We align ourselves with certain groups and gain self esteem by doing so

Ingroup

“Us”, the group where the individual feels a sense of belonging and identity

Social Comparison

We contrast our groups with other groups with bias towards our own group

Outgroup

“Them”, the group which the individual does not feel belonging or membership

Social Categorization ex

Seeing a group of students and mentally separating them into “freshmen” and “upperclassmen.”

Social Identification ex

Joining a sorority and starts adopting its behaviors and values to feel like part of the group

Social Comparison ex

Someone compares their appearance to people they see on social media to judge how they look.

Ingroup bias

The tendency to favor ones own group

Ingroup bias ex

Someone thinks their football team is better than everyone

Outgroup homogeneity effect

seeing outgroup members as more similar to eachother than ingroup members

Outgroup homogeneity effect ex

all rival school students are mean but ours is the best

own race bias

the tendency people recognize faces of their own race better

Own race bias ex

all white people look the same

group serving bias

Blaming other group’s bad behavior on who they are, blaming your own group’s behavior on the situation

group serving bias ex

someone from another group cheats, they’re liars, if someone from your group cheats, they were stressed

just - world phenomenon

the tendency of people to believe everything is just/ people get what

What is agression?

intentionally hostile, threatening, or harmful behavior

physical agression

Hurting someone else’s body

Social aggression

Hurting someone’s feelings or threatening their relationships

Hostile/ reactive aggression

Driven by feelings of anger, harm is inflicted for its own sake

instrumental/ proactive agression

aims to harm as a means to some other end

Insitnct theory

Freud and Lorenz believed that human agression is instinctive

Omega - 3 and agression

omega -3 supplementation appears to be able to decrease aggression

Alcohol and aggression

alcohol reduces self awareness, self control and focuses attention on provocations

Frustration

the blocking of goal directed behavior

Frustration - aggression theory

frustration triggers a readiness to aggress

frustration - agression theory revised

frustration produces aggression only when others actions seem unjustified

Displacement

the redirection of aggression to a another than the actual source of frustration

relative deprivation

the view that one is less well off than others who they compare to

social learning theory

we learn social behaviors by observing others actions

vicarious reinforcement

you see someone getting reinforcement for their behavior, making you want to act like them

vicarious punishment

you see someone else punished for the behvaior, so you dont do the same

Bobo doll study

children imitate physical and verbal agression that was done by the adults to the dolls

catharsis hypothesis

the agressive drive is reduced when one “releases” agressive energy

Agression Cues

stimuli associated with violence and hostility.

Weapons effect

the presence of weapons increases
aggressive thoughts and behaviors

need to belong

motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide positive interactions

ostracism

acts of excluding or ignoring, threatens belonging

role of proximity in liking

powerfully predicts liking

Mere exposure

the tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after they have been repeatedly exposed to them

Physical attractiveness stereotype

that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well.

Matching phenomenon

the tendency for people to choose a partner who is a “good match” in attractiveness and other traits

Halo Effect

the tendency for your overall impression of a person to influence how you feel and think about their specific traits

Complementarity

the tendency, in a relationship for each to complete what is missing in the other

Reciprocal liking

we like people who like us

ingratiation

using strategies such as flattery to gain another’s favor

reward theory of attraction

we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us

secure attachment

attachment rooted in trust and marked by intimacy

avoidant attachment

a type of insecure attachment marked by discomfort over, or resistance to being close to others

anxious attachment

a type of insecure attachment marked by anxiety or ambivalence

equity theory

people are motivated to pursue fairness/ equity in their relationships

Equity

both partners should receive roughly what they put into a relationship

self disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Disclosure reciprocity

when one person shares something personal, the other person responds with a similar level of detail

Sternberg triangle of love

intimacy, commitment, passion

passionate love

a state of intense longing for union with one another

companionate love

the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are intwined

prosocial behavior

behavior intended to help others

altruism

a motive to increase another’s welfare without conscious regard for one’s self interest

social exchange theory

human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one’s rewards and minimize one’s cost

social exchange theory ex

student stays at a job because it pays well but the boss is annoying

reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help those who have helped them before

reciprocity norm ex

someone gives you a ride to school so you offer a ride when they need it

social responsibility norm

an expectation that people will help those in need

social responsibility norm ex

giving food to someone homeless

Empathy - based altruism

helping a stranger without expecting a reward

Evolutionary psychology

Helping others enhances ability to pass on genes

Empathy - based altruism ex

donating blood

Evolutionary psychology ex

fear of snakes

Kitty Genovese

37 people saw her murder and did nothing

Bystander effect

the tendency to be less likely to be helped when there are many people around

Latané and Darley’s decision tree

1. notice that something is happening

2. interpret event as an emergency

3. take responsibility for providing help

4. decide how to help

5. provide help

Increase helping

Undo restraints on helping

social altruism

The Robbers Cave study

Demonstrated that intergroup conflict and discrimination arise from competition over limited resources

Mirror-image perceptions

Reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict

Mirror-image perceptions ex

Democrats & Republicans

prisoner’s dilemma

two guilty suspects are questioned separately and each given an incentive to confess privately.

tragedy of the commons

when individuals consume more than their share ,at the cost of there own doing causes the collapse of the shared resources

tragedy of the commons ex

over fishing

the 4 C’s of peacmaking

contact, cooperation, communication, conciliation

Bargaining

seeking an agreement to a conflict through DIRECT NEGOTIATIONS between parties

Mediation

an attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by FACILITATING COMMUNICATION and OFFERING SUGGESTIONS

Arbitration

resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who
studies both sides and IMPOSES A SETTLEMENT

GRIT strategy

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension reduction

Moral exclusion

regarding certain individuals as outside the boundary within which one applies moral values

stange situation

observing a child's reactions to a stranger, separation from the parent, and reunion, identifies attachment styles based on how the child uses the parent for exploration