APES unit 3

Total fertility rate

average number of children a woman in a population will bear throughout her lifetime (Higher TFR= higher birth rate, and higher population growth)

Replacement level fertility

the TFR required to offset deaths in a population and keep the population size stable

Infant mortality rate

number of deaths of child under 1 year old per 1,000 people in a population (higher in less developed countries due to lack of access to healthcare, clean water, and enough food)

Malthusian theory

earth has a carrying capacity, probably based on food production. Human growth is happening faster than growth of food production

technological advancement

humans can alter earth’s carrying capacity with tech. innovation

Rule of 70

The time is takes (in years) for a population to double is equal to 70 divided by the growth rate

factors that increase population growth

Higher TFR→ higher birth rate, high immigration level, increased access to clean water and healthcare

Factors that decrease population growth rate

high death rate, high infant mortality rate, increased development (education and affluence), delayed age of first child, and postponement of marriage age

standard of living

what the quality of life is like for people of a country

Gross domestic product (GDP)

key economic indicator of standard of living (total value of the goods and services production)

Life expectancy

key health indicator of standard of living (average age a person will live to in a given country)

Industrialization

the process of economic and social transition from an agrarian economy to an industrial one

Pre-industrialize/ less developed

A country that has not yet made the agrarian to industrial transition, typically very poor, high death rate and infant mortatlity, high TFR for replacement children and agricultural labor

Industrializing/ developing

part way though this transition, decreasing death rate and IMR, rising GPD

Industrialized/ developed

Very low DR and IMR, High GDP and low TFR

Post industrial/ highly developed

highly modernized countries, TFR declines even further, CBR drops lower than CDR, decreasing pop. growth

Generalist species

Board niche, adaptatable

Specialist species

Narrow niche, sensitive to change

K- selected species

Few offspring, high parental care, stable populations Ex. Humans, elephants

R-selected species

Many offspring, little/no parental care,, boom-and-bust population cycles Ex. Insects,algae

Type I survivorship curve

high survival until old age (humans)

Type II survivorship curve

constant death rate (birds)

Type III survivorship curve

High early mortality rate (fish, plants)

Carrying capacity (k)

The maxium population an enviornment can support

Limiting factors of carrying capacity

food, water, space, disease

Overshoot

When the population exceeds its carrying capacity

Die-off

population crash after overshoot

Exponential Growth (J-Curve)

Occurs when resources are abundant, allowing populations to grow at their maximum rate (biotic potential).

Logistic Growth (S-Curve)

Occurs when growth slows down as the population reaches its carrying capacity due to limited resources.

Density-Dependent limiting Factors

Factors whose impact varies based on population density (Ex. disease, competition for food, predation)

Density-Independent limiting Factors

Factors that affect population size regardless of density (Ex. natural disasters, fires, droughts)

Pyramid-shape age structure diagram

shows rapid growth

Column shaped age structure diagram

Shows stable population

Inverted pyramid age structure diagram

shows declining population