The Immune System

innate nonspecific

1st and 2nd line of defense

acquired specific

3rd line of defense

1st line

surface protection composted of anatomical/physiological barriers that keep microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments

physical, microbiota, chem barriers

2nd line

cellular/chem system that comes immediately to play if infectious agents make past surface defense

phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial products

3rd line

specific host defense that must be developed uniquely for each microbe through the action of specialized white blood cells

T/B cells

lymphatic organs

red bone marrow, thymus (PRIMARY), lymph nodes, spleen, SALT, MALT, GALT,BALT (skin, mucosa, gut, breast associated lymphatic tissue)

1st line barriers

skin (hair, sweat glands), mucous membrane, blinking/tears, flow of saliva, secretion have lysozyme, urination, vaginal secretion

markers/antigens

proteins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins

found on all cells/microbes

can be recognized by the immune system

self/nonself

PAMP

pathogen associated molecular patterns

antigens that many microbes have in common

PPR

pattern recognition receptors

host cell receptors that recognize PAMP

MPS

mononuclear phagocytes system

phagocytes throughout connective tissue that surround organs

2nd phagocytosis/inflammation

survey tissue compartments and discover: microbes, debris, injured/dead cells

ingest/eliminate

recognize antigens

examples of PAMPS

peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, double stranded RNA found in virus

use chemotaxis

where are PRR found

surface of phagocytes,dendritic cells, endothelial cells, lymphocytes

recognize/bind PAMPS

found on surface at all times

toll like receptors (TLR)

type of PRR

recognize PAMPS

orchestrates a defense response to the pathogen

collectins

exogenous proteins, not part of cell membrane

roam blood/tissue

oxygen dependent system

myeloperozidase form halogen ions

superoxide anion, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl free radical

release lactic acid, lysozyme, nitric oxide

proteolytic/hydrolytic enzymes

signs of inflammation

redness-erythema

swelling-edema

pain

heat-temp

benefits of inflammation

influx of fluid dilutes toxic substances

fibrin clot can trap microbes/prevent further spread

neutrophils actively phagocytose/destroy bacteria/dead tissue/etc

chronic inflammation

cause damage to healthy tissue

risk of serious disease

cancer,heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes, obesity, asthma, neurodegenerative disease

anti-inflammatory foods

high in antioxidants/ polyphenols

olive oil, greens. tomatoes, fatty fish, nuts, fruits

specific immunity

specificity, diversity, inducibility, clonality, tolerance, memory

characteristics of antigens

must perceived as foreign

large are better than small

epitope

portion of antigen molecule recognized/responded by a lymphocyte

haptens

too small themselves to elicit immune response

linked to carrier group that combine molecule develops immunogenicity

alloantigens

proteins/other molecules of one person that are antigenic to another

cell surface markers that occur in some members of the same species but not others

basis for individual blood group/major histocompatibility profile

responsible for incompatibilism that occur in blood transfusion/organ grafting

superantigens

bacterial toxins

potent stimuli for T cells

activate T cells at a rate 100 times greater than regular antigens

cause overwhelming release of cytokines/cell death

toxic shock syndrom/certain autoimmune disease are associated with these antigens

APCs

antigen presenting cells

macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells

order of fever

infection, chills, fever, sweating