First Movements

Symphony?

-       Stamitz began to develop ideas of sonata form for the first movement e.g., No.2 first movement form is sort of like sonata form, but… 1.) development doesn’t fragment or modulate motifs, it just presents the same material in different keys. And tonic material returns in development section. 2.) recapitulation reverses the order of the subjects (second then first).
However, first movement does further establish the tone and mood of a first movement (dramatic and lively e.g., chords to start with, Manheim hammer).

Symphony?

Mozart No.40 - Unusually quiet 1st movement.

Symphony?

Haydn 104 - slow intro. Monothematic. Other slow intros = Tchaikovsky 5 and 6

Symphony?

-       Beethoven greatly expanded the length and force of the symphony, thus expanding the sonata form/first movement too. Eroica:

Like other M1s it starts with chords (but only two). Simple E flat arpeggio theme is taken much further due to unexpected C# which destabilises the theme and allows for much development later on. This does create problems later on, though e.g., the recap has to use a C natural instead, creating a sense of finality. The use of themes in this way sort of ‘dramatizes’ the sonata form.

Development is much longer in relation to the exposition than Haydn’s, allowing for greater development and exploration of various chords and keys (e.g., use of neopolitan 6^th with an added 7^th). Introduces new theme to development.

Start of recapitulation: horn enters with jarring tonic note above a dominant chord. Beethoven likes to introduce new material in Codas (see below).
Coda is greatly extended, destabilising the recapitulation (almost like second development, but it allows the coda to be solidified further as part of the sonata form).

Symphony?

Mendelssohn Italian - similar to Beethoven, longer sonata form sections.

New theme in development

Symphony?

Brahms No.3 - more unusual key relationships
F-A flat - F

S2 in A major

Symphony?

Tchaikovsky No.6
S1 - E minor

S2 - B minor

S3 - D major

Symphony?

Dvorak no.8 - Slow intro in G minor creates beautiful resolution