History: Exam 3

The Market Revolution

• A process, not a single event

• Movement from greater self-sufficiency to market reliance

• Markets for goods, capital and labor

Bound Labor

Slavery or apprenticeships

Free Labor

No contract holding you a period of time

• More flexible

Market Revolution: Government

• Fueled when Congress adopted a number of policies

• National bank, internal improvements, protective tariffs

Market Revolution: Mechanization

• It isn’t only about factories, it also involved agriculture

• It didn’t effect everything, but significant effieciency increase where it was present

Market Revolution: Improved Manufacturing

Factories

• Allowed for all processes of certain things to be done in the same place

• This didn’t become very widespread

Interchangeable parts

• Eli Whitney

• Contract with government to make guns

• He made every piece of gun standard

  • Easier repairs

  • No skilled labor to make anymore

Market Revolution: Improved Transportation and Communication

• Better roads → steamboat → canals → railroad

  • Made moving things ad traveling faster and cheaper

• Information traveled faster

  • Invention of the telegraph

Effect on National Geography

• North and South showed different development patterns

  • South - more money from slaves and cotton

  • North - no cotton and slavery becoming illegal

• More evident sectional differences

  • South - mainly cotton plantations

  • North - factories, cities, ports and railroads

• Canals made Nw York business center of the world

  • Unified the North

Fueled Opposition to Slavery

• Farmers could sell and specialize to more distant markets

  • Still had to compete against distant workers

  • Bothered Northerners

  • They couldn’t compete with cheap labor of slavery

• Made slavery more divisive

Urbanization

• Fueled by improved transportation

• There were a lot more bigger cities in the North

  • Almost no cities in the South, they were spread out on farms

Effects on the People

• Working on a farm → working in factory = big change

• The Urban Proletariat

• The Lowell System

Big Changes of Factory Work

• It often meant living with strangers rather than family

• Factory environment was shaped by clocks, bells and rules

  • More regimented

  • Workers felt like interchangeable parts

The Urban Proletariat

• Americans associated work to factory towns filled with poor, uneducated, immoral people

• Americans wanted the factories but not the workers

The Lowell System

• It was intended to have employess but not a class of factory workers

• Hired a bunch of young women, having them work for a short period of time

• He wanted to avoid a permanent working class

• Didn’t last long (poor conditions, terrible pay)

Change to Domestic Relations

• Farming was a family business, farm was also the family home

• Men started to work outside of the home

• More women started to do “housework”

  • Cult of Domesticity

• New markets brought fear

Cult of Domesiticity

Envisioned men as breadwinners and women as homemakers

Early 19th Century

• Slavery was essentially a Southern phenomena

• Slavery wasn;t equal throughout the South

Slavery: The Myth

• This was a notion slavery was good and slaves were happy

• White Southerners are helping “savage” African Americans

Slavery: The Reality

• Slavery was a system of forced labor for owners benefit

  • It was maintained by force or the threat of force

  • Sexually, physically, emotionally brutal system

Importance of Slaves in the South

• Economics - by 1860, they held 4 million enslaved workers worth around $3 billion

• Slavery increased Southern political power

• Slavery ensured increased white control

The Enslaved Community: Labor

• Majority of slaves provided agricultural labor

• Slaves also worked industry and railroad jobs

• On farms and in towns, enslaved women provided domesti labor

The Enslaved Community: Family

• Most important institution among slaves

  • Black women married and had kids young

• Marriages were celebrated but “legal”

• They could be split up at any moment

• Community members became fictive kin

Fictive Kin

They weren;t actually realted to each other

The Enslaved Community: Religion

• Controlled and hidden

• Black and white religion were very different

• Some elements of African cultures were retained for generations

Slave Resistance: Slave Rebellions

• Most dramatic but least common

  • They were scared of getting killed

Slave Resistance: Underground Railroad

• It helped escaped slaves get to the North or Canada

• Southern cities were easiest way for escaped slaves to hide

Slave Resistance: Grounds for Freedom Suit

• Descent from a free woman

• Unexecuted will or deed

• Illegal importation

• Sojourn in free territory

Free People of Color (FPOC)

• Held a variety of jobs - manual labor, barbers, sailors, domestic work

• Small amount became property owners

• Severly restricted in the South

• Legally required to go to court and reguster

  • Needed to carry free papers

FPOC Discrimination in the North

• Railcar and school segregation, couldn’t vote, etc.

• Noyes Academy

FPOC Advantages in the North

• Henry Boyd

• Legal African American churches

• Black newspapers appeared in several Northern cities

  • Didn’t last very long

Henry Boyd

• Born a slave

• Eventually purchased his freedom

• Successful carpenter and furniture maker

Solomon Northrup

• Free black musician in New York

• “Hired” to work in D.C

• Drugged and kidnapped to work in New Orleans for 12 years

Issues with Market Revolution

New labor relations, urbanization, immigraion, alcohol, reinvigorated slavery

Types of Reform Movements

• Dress, prison, diet/food, alcohol

• Utopian communes

• They didn’t envision using the law

People Reform Movements Relied On

• Clergymen - visible face

• Businessmen - the money

• Women - the advocaters

The Discussion of Abolition

It always raised two questions

• How should slaves be freed

• Once they’re freed, where would they live

How should slaves be freed?

• Gradual emancipation, judicial action, state constitution

• Americans didn’t consider British example of compensated emancipation

Once they’re freed, where would they live?

• Most white Americans, including many abolitionists, couldn’t imagine black and white Americans living together

• Fear was it would degrade white civilization

African American Colonization

Shipping African Americans back to Africa

• 1816: American Colonization Society was established

  • Established Liberia

• African Americans didn’t agree with this

Change of Abolition: David Walker

• He told slaves to wait for the right oppurtunity and then escape

• Non-violent approach

• White southerners saw as a violent overthrow

Change of Abolition: William Lloyd Garrison

• Most influential abolishionist in American history

• 1831: Published the newspaper “The Liberator”

• He eventually wanted the immediate end to slavery

  • Wanted the government to do it

  • Non-violent

  • Rejected compensated emancipation idea

Change of Abolition: Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)

• Grabbed whatever weapons they could find and began killing owners families

• Killed 55 white Virginians

• Ended when Virginia militia arrived

Change of Abolition: American Anti-Slavery Society (1833)

• Largest abolition group

• Wanted government intervention

• Organized a campaign to send anti-slavery petitions to Congress

Aggressive Action from Opponents

• Southerners insisted slavery was a good things

  • Challenged anyone who questioned it

• Greater restrictions of FPOC

• 1835: Mail that encouraged slave rebellion in Charleston was blocked

• Southerners suppressed speech that questioned slavery

  • Cassisus Clay

• Abolitionsit speakers and papers were threatened

• Stopped the discussion of abolition in Congress

  • The Gag Rule

The Gag Rule (1836-1844)

Any petition sent to Congress that had anything to do with slavery would be tabled without consideration or acknowledgement

Agents of Spanish Expansion

• Missions - most important part of the community

• Soldiers - modest presence

• Settlers - small presence, mostly average people from Mexico

Spanish were always worried someone was going to intrude, stealing their silver and gold

Established Spanish Colonies

They were created to proetct Mexico from invasion

• New Mexico

• Alta California

• Texas

New Mexico (1609-1848)

It was a string of settlements along the Rio Grande river

• Small, isolated, landlocked, limited trade and self-sufficient people

Alta California (1769-1848)

• What’s now modern day state of California

• Established to stop the Russians from getting any closer

  • Feared Russians would interfere with sea traffic

• Established over 2 dozen missions along the coast

  • Essentially huge cattle plantations

  • Soldiers would round up Native Americans, forcing them to work

Texas (1716-1836)

• Established specifically to stop the French

  • Spanish was worried they would expand into Mexico

• It was a smaller colony (not as isolated as the others)

Mexican Rebellion

1821: Mexico gained its independence

• All the northern provinces of Spanish empire became part of Mexican republic

• This brought change in California and Texas

Changes in California: Secularization (1834-1836)

• The government took the missions land

• The Indians working on the missions were supposed to get this land

  • However, almost all the land went to hispanic men with connections in the government

• Established ranchos

  • Secularized versions of missions

Changes in Texas: Colonization (1824)

• Americans were creeping towards Texas

• They wanted people loyal to Mexico to move onto this land

• However, 100s of Anglos quickly moved onto land and tried to Americanize it

  • They wanted the offered free land to create cotton plantations

  • They wanted their own democratic government

  • They brought slaves even though it was illegal in Mexico

The Texas Revolution (1835-1836)

• 1835: Mexico’s new dictator wanted to bring order to Texas

• A ware between Mexico and self-proclaimed Texas republic

• Battle of San Jacinto

Battle of San Jacinto

The dictator of Mexico was captured

• He was then forced to sign a treat granting Texas their independence

Oregon Country (1818-1846)

• The settlers were mainly fur traders

• Britsh and the U.S signed a treaty stating that neither owned this land

  • Any citizen of either country could settle

• 1840s - Oregon trail

The Great Plains

• Unorganized territory that was still controlled by natives

• Spanish → brought horses and disease

• French → brough guns and disease

• Diseases

  • Impact varied between tribes

  • Compact villages experienced horrible results

  • Small, impermanent villages it opened a golden age

The Golden Age

• Horses made it easier to hunt buffalo and transport the meat

• Population increase due to ability to feed more

Warfare of the Tribes

Sioux and Comanche warriors built empires

• They were both imperialists

• Constantly fighting neighbors for their land

The West in 1844: Problems

Texas

• Britain wanted cotton and to slow Amerixan expansion

  • This possible connection was terrifying to Americans

California

• Secularization had reduced the roles of missions

• Caudillos eventually dominated

Americans saw the potential for tyranny

Manifest Destiny

• This was a duty to bring American civilization everywhere

• To average Americans, they just wanted the land

President Polk’s Goals

• Reduce tariffs, re-establish independent treasury, acquire Oregon, acquire California and New Mexico

• He ran on the ticket of manifest destiny

• He didn’t need to win Texs because it was a U.S territory at this point

The Bear Flag Revolt (1846)

• John Fremont

• He told Americans in California that the United States would help them if they were to revolt against Mexico

• This didn’t last long, the Navy captured California

Mexican-Americn War (1846-1848)

• This occured because Texas and the United States calimed land that Mexico disputed

• Both sides sent troops in to claim land

  • American sdemanded justice when an American was killed

  • They then declared war

Mexican Cession (1848)

• Military conquest

• We basically forced mexico to sell us northern land

Polk and Oregon

• He opted to negotiate and compromise

• We drew a line across Oregon to divide it

The Mormons

• 1847: Began to settle in Utah

• They weren’t popular at this time, they were seen as a fake religion

• Series of migrations that always resulted in violent clashes with neighbors (due to their behvaiors)

  • Utah was Mexican territory at this time but unoccupied

  • They just wanted out of America

• However, once they got there, it became U.S territory

Gold Changes Everything

• There was mass travel from people everywhere around the world into California

• There was also acceleration of migration into Oregon

  • They had a market for poduce and other agricultural products