A&P II - Reproductive System

gametes

reproductive cells - sperm and oocyte

gonads

reproductive organs - testes and ovaries

zygote

union of two gametes

testis

male gonads that produce sperm

epididymis

stores and matures sperm

vas deferens

tube connecting testes to urethra

seminal vesicle

produces secretion (provides fluid for sperm to move in)

ovary

female gonads that release an oocyte

fallopian tube

connects ovary to uterus

cilia are present to aid in egg movement

female uterus

encloses and supports developing embryo

os

opening in cervis that allows menstrual blood to pass or closes during pregnancy

vagina

connects uterus with exterior

emission

mature sperm move along duct system

semen

sperm mixed with accessory galnd secretions

ejaculation

semen expelled from body through urethra

scrotum

dartos muscle: elevates the testes

cremaster muscle: tenses the scrotum to pull testes closer to body

seminiferous tubules

produce sperm

interstitial cells (leydig cells)

cells between seminiferous tubules

produce androgens (testosterone)

spermatogenesis

process of sperm production

spermatogonia (46) > primary spermatocyte (46) > secondary spermatocyte (two 23) > (4) spermatid (23) > sperm

how does sperm progress?

spermatogonia

primary spermatocyte

• meiosis I

secondary spermatocyte

• meiosis II

spermatid

• spermiogenesis

sperm

• spermiation

spermiation

spem lose attachment to nurse cell

enters lumen of seminiferous tubule

functions of the epididymis

monitors and adjusts fluid produced by seminiferous tubules

recycles damaged sperm

stores and protects sperm

capacitation

sperm become motile and capable of fertilization

male accessory glands

seminal vesicles

prostate gland

bulbourethral glands

functions of male accessory glands

activating sperm

providing nutrients for motility

propelling spem

producing buffers

secretions of seminal vesicles

high concentrations of fructose

prosaglandins

fibrinogen

what would an abnormally low semen volume indicate problems with?

prostate gland and/or seminal vesicles

ejaculate

the volume of semen produced by ejaculation

contains: sperm, seminal fluid, enzymes

enzymes in seminal fluid

protease: dissolve mucous secretions in vagina

seminalplasmin: kills bacteria

prostatic enzyme: coagulates semen by converting fibrinogen to fibrin

fibrinolysin: liquifies clotten semen

functions of testosterone

stimulates spermatogenesis

affects CNS function

stimulates metabolism

establishes male secondary sex characteristics

maintains accessory glands and organs

andropause

period of declining reproductive function

testosterone begins to decline (ages 50-60)

FSH and LH increase (sperm production still continues)

functions of ovaries

production of immature oocytes

secretion of sex hormones

secretion of inhibin

oogenesis (monthly egg maturation)

begins before birth, accelerates at puberty, ends at menopause

oogonia (46) > primary oocyte (46) > secondary oocyte (23) > polar body

process of oogenesis

oogonia

primary oocyte

• meiosis I

secondary oocyte

polar body

• meiosis II

meiosis I is suspended at prophase until when?

puberty

meiossis II is suspended at metaphase until when?

fertilization