HIS101 - Final Exam (on 5/14)

Exam ON May 14th 5/14

Byzantine Empire (capital name, Where?)

• Eastern Half of the OId Roman Empire

• Capital - Constantinople

Constantinople

• Christian

• Greek culture

• Thrives/progresses while Western Europe goes backwards

Emperor Justinian and Theodora (date of Reign)

527-565 AD

Justinian Accomplishments

• Built the Hagia Sophia (Domed Roof)

• Expanded the Empire (byzantine)

• ‘Corrpus Juris Civilis → The Legal Code

717 AD Siege of Constantinople

Who: Byzantines vs. Islam

How: Byzantines use science to win

Specific: Greek Fire (flamethrower invention)

Birth of Islam

• Starts in Mecca - Arabian Peninsula

• Muhammad (570-632 AD)

  • Age 40, Visited by the Angel Gabriel, told to recite in the name of Allah

Meaning of Islam (word itself)

Surrender to Allah

Story of Muhammad

• Him and his followers fled to Medina in 622AD

  • Called ‘The Hegira’

• 622 AD was the first year of Muslim Expansion

In Medina

• Islam grows, many converts to Islam

• Muhammad was a religious, political, and military leader

  • He tries and fails to convert Jews

Death:

• Muhammad dies in 632 AD

• Koran - words spoken by Allah to Muhammad

Five Pillars of the Faith (Islam)

1. Testimony of Faith — No God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet

2. Prayers — Pray 5x a day

3. Almsgiving — Give 25% of savings to the poor and the needy, and help road travelers

4. Fasting — Holy Month, Ramadan

5. Hajj — One time pilgrimage to Mecca

The Muslim State

• Theocracy

  • Government by Religion

• Jews and Christians were protected

  • Had no right to bear arms, and paid tax

Muslim belief about Islam

It is the completion and perfection of Judaism and Christianity

Split of Islam

When: 30 years after Muhammad’s death

Who: Sunni vs. Shi’ite

Why: Argument about the true successor as Caliph

• 85% of Muslims today → Sunni

Christian Europe

• Western Europe

• 500-1050 AD

• Dark age

• Monasteries → Beacons of light

  • Book of Kells (contains the four Gospels)

• Charities, schools

• Taught farming methods

Skellig Michael

“Rock” of Michael where a monastery was built

First Monk To Become Pope

590-604 AD

• Gregory the Great

  • Sorted out the finances of the Church

  • Sorted out the Property Portfolio

  • Fed the hungry, housed the homeless

  • Soldiers of St. Peter

  • Commentaries on the Bible

  • Gregorian chant (possible invention)

  • Extended Papal (Pope) Authority across Europe

    • Pope → Super powerful and rich

Feudalism

9th - 15th century AD

• Structure in society of:

  • Lords/Kings as ruling class

    • Vassals/Knights → Warrior Class

      • Vassals pledge loyalty to the Lords

      • Given land to by the ruling class

Knights Code of Honor

• Chivalry

• Thousands of knights in Europe fought for the Pope (Christian knights, power of the pope)

The Church’s Seven Sacraments

1. Baptism

2. First Confession

3. Communion

4. Confirmation

5. Matrimony (marriage)

6. Holy Orders (Priest/Bishop/Nun)

7. Last Rites (Deathbed)

• All about control

Papal Power

Authority of the Pope

The Crusades (what, origins?)

Wars to regain the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from Islam

Background:

• Byzantine Christians in 1054 AD broke from the Reagen Church, the ‘Schism-Split’

• Ex: The Pope in Rome claimed universal jurisdiction over all Christians, while the Patriarch of Constantinople resisted this claim, asserting autonomy for the Eastern Church

Crusade History

Byzantines under attack by the Seljuk Turks → 1095 AD - Alexus II Asks the pope for help

• Pope Urban II calls the First Crusade

• Christians go help Byzantine, and take back Jerusalem

Why did the Pope Call the First Crusade

• To Test of his own power

• To Heal the Split/Schism (due to theology, politics, conflict)

• To Destroy Islam

Pope held a speech at Clermont (Urban II)

Characteristics of the Pope (Pope Urban II)

• Exaggerates Hugely

  • Exploits the ignorance of people/Fires them up

  • Talks bad on Islam

Class significance/roles during Crusades

• Knights

  • They sign up because it’s their job

  • Also for Land, Plunder, and Glory

Commoners/Peasants

• Plunder, penance

• “Every Muslim Killed = A Step Closer To Heaven”

• Got Loans from Jewish money lenders, who they killed in order to not be in debt/have to pay them back

1097 AD

Crusaders Assemble at Constantinople

• All Different ethnicities and weapons

Issue at the Crusade (Constantinople)

• Language and Leadership issues (communication)

  • Different languages, many leaders unfamiliar with each other

Results/Playout of 1097 Crusade

• Took Antioch in Syria

• Took Edessa

• Siege at Marat

• Siege to Jerusalem

  • Slaughtered Muslims and Jews

  • Established 4 Christian states

1144

Muslims take the Christian State of Edessa

1147

Pope Eugenius II calls 2nd Crusade (it failed)

1174

Saladin the Merciful Unites Islam

• He then lays siege to Jerusalem

Third Crusade

• meant to take back Jerusalem (fails)

Fourth Crusade

1202

• Pope Innocent III

  • 10K Crusaders

  • Venice, Italy

  • Made a deal with the Venicians to help slaughter Zara in Exchange for ships to sail to kill Muslims (complete crusade)

Succession War in Constantinople

• Caused death of more Jews/Christians

• Began with the fragmentation of the empire after death of Emperor Michael VIII

The Children’s Crusade

1212

• Stephen of Cloyes (was a sheperd)

  • Saw vision of Jesus → Preached to France → Take back Jerusalem

  • 20,000 Children

  • Mars Eille Port

    • Prayed to water, and it didn’t split

• 2 Smugglers provided boats to Jerusalem, some stuck in storm, others sold to slavery in North Africa

Impact of the Crusades

• United Western Europe

• Showed Extent of Papal Power (power of the Pope)

• Unleashed Extremism

• First serious persecution of Jews in West Europe

• Inspired Heroism

Prosecutorial Arm

Sect/Era of the Christian Church where the church does not tolerate dissent or questioning its teaching (corrupt)

The Inquisition

Justice system of the prosecutorial Arm of the Christian Church

• Radical

  • Torture anyone who questions the church, if confess then they died

The Waldesians

• took a vow of poverty to get closer to Jesus

• Translated scriptures from Latin into French

• Driven away from Lyon - Peter Waldo

  • Criticize the church (brutally persecuted as a result)

The Cathari

• Cult-like movement in Southern France 13th Century

• Believed physical world was bad → Spiritual world good

• Believed Jesus never took physical form

• Broke away from Church

Leaders:

• The Perfecti

• Pope Innocent III (1208)

Heretics/Blasphemers were killed

St Francis of Assisi

• Italian man

• 1181 - 1226 AD

• Decided to devote his life to preaching

• Relied on kindness of strangers

• Goes to ghettoes and leper colonies

  • Attracts followers, Church didn’t like it

  • “Little Brothers of St. Francis”

Pope Innocent III and St. Francis

• Pope decides to harness/corporatize the movement (Little Brothers of St. Francis)

  • Created education, missionary opportunities, structure

• “The Franciscans”

The Dominics/Dominicans

Dominic de Guzman

• Spanish

• Crusade against Cathari

• Nickname: Hounds of the Lord (Attack Dogs of The Church)

Pope Innocent III

1198-1216

• Supercharged religious Fanaticism

• Papal power reached its peak

• 1215- The Fourth Lateral Council (meeting held by Pope Innocent III)

The Fourth Lateral Council

1215

• Held by Pope Innocent III

• 1200 People - to decide future of the Church

What was decided:

1. Greek Orthodox Church is inferior

2. States can no longer tax Church people

3. State laws don’t apply to churches

4. Priests can’t wear pointy shoes (dress code)

5. Bishops responsible for heretics in their region/diocese

   1. Bishops had a quota for heretics

6. Homosexuality → Sin against nature

7. Once a year confession

8. Priest performs Transubstantiation (miracle of body/blood of Christ)

9. Bans simony (buying and selling church tithes)

1290

Jews were expelled from England

1306

Jews were expelled from France

• Arrive in Poland (where Hitler will arrive)

Events of the 14th Century

1. Agricultural Crisis and Famine

2. Shortage of Silver → Inflation and higher taxation\

3. The Hundred Years War (1337-1453, France vs. England)

4. Black Death (Bubonic Plague) Sicily, 1347

• Originated in Kyrgstan, jews were blamed, Millenarians → People who believed it wasend of world

The Flagellants

During the Black Death/Bubonic Plague

• Christians who whipped themselves, prayed, and sung hymns in the streets/public

  • (believed in penance/self-suffering would bring mercy/atone for sin)

The Reformers

• They questioned the Church

  • John Whitecliffe (from England) 1320-84

    • Oxford University (reason he didn’t die)

    • Translates the Bible into English

    • Attacked Church wealth and corruption

    • Said all believers can be priests

Jan Hus

1364-1415

• Bohemia/Czechia

• Inspired by John Whitecliffe/The Reformers

Attacks church, break away from Rome

• Brutally persecuted and burned at the stake

‘Dirty’ Popes

1. Pope Stephen VI

• 9th Century

2. Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303)

• Had throuple with a woman and her daughter

3. Pope Clement VI (1342-52) Died of STD

4. Pope SIxtus IV (1471-84)

Martin Luther

Born 1483-1546

• Born in Germany

• Mother was religious, Father was a miner

Luther also:

• Went into hiding, translates the Bible into German

  • Prolific (wrote alot)

  • Called Pope the Anti-christ

1520

Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther

1521

Charles V - most powerful catholic king

• Summons wither worms

1555

Peace of Augsburg

• Attempt to settle fighting between Catholics and Lutherans

• “Whoever rules, he decides”

Man who started the Swiss Reformation

• Inspired by Luther but didn’t agree with everything he believed

Ulrich Swingli

1543

France outlaws Protestants

1509-64

John Calvin

John Calvin meets Protestants in 15__?

1533

French Wars of Religion 15__?

1562

St. Barthomomew’s Day of Massacre was in 15__?

1572

What was the first document of religious tolerance?

Edict of Nantes in 1598

Martin Luther Crisis of Faith

• Salvation

  • Salvation is based on faith not works

Church Teachings that Luther disagreed with

1. Faith/Believe 2. Grace (Sacraments) 3. Good works (Loophole) 4. Help Others

Johanes Gutenburg

Made Movable printing press in 1450

• Caused indulgences to become an industry (ticket out of purgatory)

• Offends Martin Luther

Why was Pope Leo X “Party Pope”

Significant time?

Lavish lifestyle and launched an indulgence campaign

1513

What occured on October 31, 1517

• Martin Luther nails 95 Theses to the Church door at Wittenberg

  • Luther protected by Prince

  • Points out wrongs of the church

  • Printing Press → made it go viral

What did Frederick of Saxony cause

Caused start of Church Reformation in Oct 31, 1517

Protected Martin Luther after he nailed 95 Theses to the Church

Simony

buying or selling of church tithes, or spiritual goods

How England becomes protestant

The English Remnant

King Henry VII (1491-1547)

• Won throne in battle

• Tudor Dynasty

  • illegitimate (disappearing young princes)

Characteristics of Henry

Defended the Roman Church

• Attacks Luther in defense of the Sacraments in 1521

Anne Berlin

• Married to King Henry

• Sentenced to Death

Spouses of King Henry (Mistresses)

• Mary Boleyn

• Anne Boleyn

• Jane Seymour (killed)

• Anne of Cleves (divorced)

• Catherine Edward (beheaded)

• Catherine Parr (outlives Henry)