Ap Psychology Unit 0

What are the perspectives in psychology?

Psychodynamic, Cognitive, Behavioral, Humanistic, Biological, Evolutionary, Sociocultural.

What is cultural norms?

Cultural norms are shared standards and patterns that guide the behavior of a group.

What is cognitive bias?

Cognitive bias refers to systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment.

What is confirmation bias?

Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.

What is hindsight bias?

Hindsight bias is the tendency to see events as having been predictable after they have already occurred.

What is overconfidence?

Overconfidence is the tendency to overestimate one's abilities or the accuracy of one's knowledge.

What is the difference between experimental and non-experimental research?

Experimental research involves manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships, while non-experimental research does not manipulate variables.

What defines a hypothesis?

A hypothesis is a testable statement that can be proven false.

What is an operational definition?

An operational definition specifies the procedures used to measure or define a concept.

What is an independent variable (IV)?

An independent variable is the variable that is manipulated to examine its effect on the dependent variable.

What is a dependent variable (DV)?

A dependent variable is the outcome that is measured to assess the effect of the independent variable.

What are confounding variables?

Confounding variables are factors other than the independent variable that may affect the dependent variable.

What is a population in research?

A population is the entire group that researchers are interested in studying.

What is a sample?

A sample is a subset of the population selected for a study.

What are representative samples?

Representative samples accurately reflect the characteristics of the population from which they are drawn.

What is a random sample?

A random sample is one in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

What is a convenience sample?

A convenience sample is one that is made up of participants who are readily available.

What is sampling bias?

Sampling bias occurs when certain people are systematically excluded from the sample.

What is generalizability?

Generalizability is the extent to which findings from a study can be applied to other contexts or populations.

What is an experimental group?

An experimental group is the group in an experiment that receives the treatment or manipulation.

What is a control group?

A control group is the group that does not receive the treatment and is used as a benchmark.

What is a placebo group?

A placebo group is a group that receives a placebo treatment to assess the effect of the treatment being tested.

What is the placebo effect?

The placebo effect is when participants experience a perceived improvement in their condition due to the belief that they are receiving treatment.

What is a single-blind procedure?

A single-blind procedure is when participants are unaware of whether they are in the experimental or control group.

What is a double-blind procedure?

A double-blind procedure is when both participants and experimenters are unaware of group assignments to avoid bias.

What is experimenter bias?

Experimenter bias is when the researcher's expectations influence the outcome of the study.

What is social desirability bias?

Social desirability bias is the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others.

What are qualitative measures?

Qualitative measures are used to gather non-numerical data to provide insight into underlying motivations and behaviors.

What are structured interviews?

Structured interviews are interviews that follow a predetermined set of questions.

What are quantitative measures?

Quantitative measures involve collecting numerical data that can be quantified for statistical analysis.

What are Likert scales?

Likert scales are used to measure attitudes, opinions, or behaviors by asking participants to express how much they agree or disagree with a statement.

What is appropriate representation?

Appropriate representation refers to ensuring that the sample reflects the diversity of the population.

What is replication and peer review?

Replication is the process of repeating a study to verify results, while peer review is the evaluation of research by experts before publication.

What is a case study?

A case study is an in-depth analysis of an individual or group.

What is naturalistic observation?

Naturalistic observation involves observing subjects in their natural environment without interference.

What is meta-analysis?

Meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies.

What does correlation mean in psychology?

Correlation refers to a statistical relationship between two variables, which does not imply causation.

What are variables of interest?

Variables of interest are the specific variables that a researcher aims to study and analyze.

What is the directionality problem?

The directionality problem refers to the inability to determine the causal direction of the relationship between two correlated variables.

What is the third-variable problem?

The third-variable problem occurs when an unaccounted variable influences both the independent and dependent variables, obscuring the true relationship.

What are surveys?

Surveys are research tools used to collect data from participants regarding their opinions, behaviors, or characteristics.

What are wording effects?

Wording effects refer to the influence that the phrasing of survey questions may have on the responses.

What is self-report bias?

Self-report bias is the tendency for individuals to present themselves in a favorable light during self-assessments.

What is the null hypothesis?

The null hypothesis is a statement that asserts there is no effect or relationship between variables.

What is a quasi-experiment?

A quasi-experiment is a type of research design that does not use random assignment to form groups.

What are demand characteristics?

Demand characteristics are cues that may inform participants of how they are expected to behave in a study.

What are descriptive statistics?

Descriptive statistics summarize and describe the features of a data set.

What are measures of variance?

Measures of variance indicate how much scores differ from each other in a distribution.

What is frequency distribution?

Frequency distribution is a summary of how often different values occur in a dataset.

What is a frequency histogram?

A frequency histogram is a graphical representation of data using bars to show the frequency of each category.

What is a bar graph?

A bar graph is a chart that presents categorical data with rectangular bars.

What is a positive correlation?

A positive correlation occurs when two variables move in the same direction.

What is a negative correlation?

A negative correlation occurs when two variables move in opposite directions.

What is non-correlation?

Non-correlation occurs when there is no observable relationship between two variables.

What is an illusory correlation?

An illusory correlation occurs when a perceived relationship between two variables does not actually exist.

What is positive (right) skew?

Positive skew means that the tail on the right side of the distribution is longer or fatter than the left side.

What is negative (left) skew?

Negative skew means that the tail on the left side of the distribution is longer or fatter than the right side.

What is p-value in statistics?

The p-value indicates the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the observed results, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.

What is the APA Ethical Code of Conduct?

The APA Ethical Code of Conduct outlines the ethical principles and guidelines for psychologists conducting research.

What is the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)?

IACUC is a committee that ensures the ethical treatment of animals in research.

What is voluntary participation?

Voluntary participation means that individuals have the right to choose to participate in research without coercion.

What does the Institutional Review Board do?

The Institutional Review Board reviews research proposals to ensure ethical standards are met for research involving human and non-human subjects.

What is informed consent?

Informed consent is the process of providing potential participants with information on the research so they can make an informed decision about their participation.

What is informed assent?

Informed assent is the process of obtaining agreement from minors or individuals unable to provide consent, after informing them about the research.

What is protection from harm in research?

Protection from harm requires that researchers minimize any risk of physical or psychological harm to participants.

What is confidentiality of participants?

Confidentiality ensures that personal information of participants is kept private.

What is anonymity in research?

Anonymity refers to methods that prevent the identification of participants in research.

What is deception and correction in research?

Deception refers to withholding information from participants, and correction involves debriefing participants afterward.

What is a confederate in research?

A confederate is an actor that is part of the study but pretends to be a participant.

What is debriefing?

Debriefing is the process of providing participants with information about the study after its conclusion.

What does a table, graph, chart, or figure provide?

Tables, graphs, charts, and figures present data in a visual format for easier comprehension.

What is central tendency?

Central tendency is a statistical measure that identifies a single score as representative of an entire dataset.

What is the mean?

The mean is the average score calculated by summing all scores and dividing by the number of scores.

What is the median?

The median is the middle score in a dataset when arranged in ascending order.

What is the mode?

The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a dataset.

What is range?

Range is the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a dataset.

What is standard deviation?

Standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of values.

What is the normal curve in statistics?

The normal curve is a bell-shaped distribution that is symmetrical about the mean, depicting the distribution of a dataset.

What is percentile rank?

Percentile rank indicates the percentage of scores that fall below a particular score.

What is skewness?

Skewness measures the asymmetry of the distribution of values in a dataset.

What are bimodal distributions?

Bimodal distributions have two different modes or peaks in the frequency distribution.

What is regression toward the mean?

Regression toward the mean is the phenomenon where extreme scores tend to be closer to the average upon retesting.

What are inferential statistics?

Inferential statistics are techniques that allow conclusions to be drawn about a population based on a sample.

What are scatterplots?

Scatterplots are graphs that display values for two variables to determine if there is a correlation.

What is the correlation coefficient?

The correlation coefficient quantifies the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.

What is effect size?

Effect size measures the magnitude of a relationship or intervention effect in a study.

What is statistical significance?

Statistical significance assesses whether the results of a study are likely to have occurred by chance.